《船上油污应急计划》编制及其应用中问题的探讨

船上船污应急计划的编制和实施，对减轻海洋环境污染起了积极作用，尽管目前大量船舶都编制了该计划，经调查发现许多船舶在应用中还存在不少问题，为进一步提高各类船舶对所发生的油污应急反应能力，必须加强演练，定期评估、检查和修改已制定的计划。     

考虑时变特性的海上溢油事故应急物资调度

针对海上溢油事故应急物资调度问题,本文考虑事故需求点受海上风浪影响而发生漂移的特点,分析需求点漂移对救援路径规划和环境损失的影响,构建以运输成本和环境损失最小为优化目标的数学模型,提出一种改进的遗传模拟退火混合算法。以蓬莱石油泄露事故的实际数据为背景,对模型进行实例验证和算例分析。结果显示：与不考虑需求点漂移获得的救援方案相比,本文方法在总航行距离上减少了9.11%、环境污染降低了41.17%,说明海上溢油应急救援调度问题中考虑需求点漂移的重要性;针对不同规模、不同需求点分布的算例,本文方法在算法优越性和求解稳定性上均体现出较为明显的优势,表明本文方法可以获得较优的调度方案,实现更准确高效的应急救援;通过灵敏度分析获知,提升船舶容量可以明显降低应急救援运输成本,且提升船舶航行速度可以更好地降低环境污染。     

三峡库区溢油快速预报模型在回水变动区的应用研究

三峡库区危险品码头数量和吞吐量逐年增加,危险品船舶流量逐渐增大,尤其是回水变动区,长年库区航段与自然航段交替出现,航道、水文、气候条件变化较大,水上交通安全风险隐患较多,发生溢油事故风险较高.文中通过基于环境流体动力学模型和溢油漂移扩散模型建立了三峡库区溢油快速预报模型,并利用该模型对几种假定情景下的三峡库区回水变动区典型水域长寿段内的溢油事故进行了模拟,并根据模拟结果提出了相应的控制策略.     

基于OILMAP的中国舟山港溢油管理系统

介绍了基于美国ASA（Applied Science Associates,Inc.）公司的用于预测海水或淡水中溢油的轨迹和归宿的软件OILMAP建立的“中国舟山港溢油模拟信息系统”的组成、功能和特点，并用实例说明了其使用方法。     

Influence of the heavy fuel spill from the Prestige tanker wreckage in the overlying seawater column levels of copper, nickel and vanadium (NE Atlantic ocean)

The water column above the Prestige wreckage was sampled during two consecutive campaigns: Prestinaut (December 2002) two weeks after the tanker sunk and HidroPrestige0303 (March 2003) one month after the sealing of the main fuel leaks. Samples of the original cargo fuel and the emulsified fuel in the surface of the ocean were also collected. Analysis of the fuel indicated the release of 135 kg of Cu, 1700 kg of Ni and 5300 kg of V from the original fuel to the water column, remaining 35 kg of Cu, 3100 kg of Ni and 13,800 kg of V in the emulsified fuel. The metal partitioning between the water column and the emulsioned floating fuel, Cu > Ni ~ V, are in accordance with the stability index for the metal–nitrogen bond in metalloporphyrins. This release had an impact on dissolved trace metal concentrations in the water column. An increase on dissolved copper (2.8–4.7 nM) and nickel (2.2–8.0 nM) with respect to natural values (1–3 nM for Cu and 1.6–5 nM for Ni) was observed. Values for vanadium (28–35 nM) were in the range of pristine North Atlantic waters (30–36 nM). This contamination was especially observed in the upper water column (0–50 m), associated with the mixing of seawater with the fuel moving upwards, and in deep waters, where the residence time of fuel is higher. Future research in this field should focus on the environmental variables and the processes that control the release of contaminants from fuels for a better assessment of the contamination in oil-spill events.     

海上溢油应急能力评估研究

针对目前我国海上溢油应急能力评估现状,借鉴国内外其他领域应急能力评估模式的先进经验,建立了包含5个一级指标,20个二级指标的海上溢油应急能力评估指标体系.运用改进的层次分析法得出不同层次指标的权重,并结合某海区溢油应急能力现状评分,得到该海区海上溢油应急能力等级.研究表明,该评价指标体系合理、实用,可为海上溢油应急能力...     

Operational Oceanography System applied to the Prestige oil-spillage event

This contribution describes the procedure used during the Prestige oil-spillage event, by means of an Operational Oceanography System, and the behaviour of the present prediction tools (hydrodynamic and dispersion models) applied to it. The accuracy of these tools is estimated by a reanalysis of field data transmitted by a sea surface drifting buoy, released at the time of the oil spill. The numerical models applied were the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), fed by the available six-hourly NCEP atmospheric information, together with a Lagrangian Particle-Tracking Model (LPTM). ROMS has been used to estimate the current fields for the Bay of Biscay, whilst the LPTM has provided the oil spill trajectories. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of the numerical models depends upon the quality of the meteorological input data. In this case, the current fields at the sea surface, derived by ROMS, have been underestimated by the wind fields of the NCEP reanalysis data. An efficient calibration of these wind fields, with data provided by the Gascony buoy (fixed oceanic and atmospheric station), achieves more realistic looking results; this is reflected in the comparison between the buoy trajectory predicted numerically and the tracked movements of the drifting buoy.     

基于溢流阀的共轨压力控制仿真研究

为研究柴油机高压共轨系统轨腔压力波动,在建立物理、数学模型的基础上,制定轨腔压力的模糊-PID控制策略。仿真结果表明,该策略很适合用于轨腔压力稳定控制。     

墨西哥湾漏油事件中溢油应对处理方案研究

伴随着我国能源需求及海上石油运输量的大幅增长,我国海上发生溢油事故的风险也不断加大,针对海上大型溢油事故制定有效的溢油应对处理方案已成为我国的当务之急.该文通过对2010年4月发生在墨西哥湾的英国石油公司“深水地平线”平台泄漏事件进行研究,分析收集了此次事故过程中美国采用的主要溢油应急处理方案及值得借鉴的手段,为我国研究海上溢油应急方案提供了重要的参考和依据.     

大连“7·16”事故海上清污工作的深度思考

为及时应对大规模海上溢油污染事故,有效控制和消除污染,最大限度地降低溢油污染事故对海洋环境造成的影响.在分析大连“7·16”事故海上清污工作全过程的基础上,深入研究此次清污工作的成功经验和存在的问题.在国家和地方层面上,从体制、机制、法规、资金、装备和人员等方面提出加强我国海域和内河水域溢油应急能力建设的建议,对完善我国溢油应急体系,提升海上溢油污染事故的防治能力具有重要意义.