论环境法医学在海事行政执法中的重要性

以溢油鉴定和溯源研究为主的环境法医学,被证明在海事行政执法中作用显著。文中在分析环境法医学的发展历史和定义的基础上,结合我国环境法医学的发展现状阐述了环境法医学在海事行政执法过程中的积极意义。     

港口大型溢油应急处置方案探讨

大型油船港口码头及石油储备设施附近港口码头,一旦发生溢油事故,一般部是大型溢油事故事故现场具有其独特的特点,溢油应急处置需要根据溢油现场的实际情况确定应急救援工作所需要的人员、物资和设备,并制定有针对性的应急处置方案溢油应急处置方案的能否有效与实施,决定着整个溢油应急工作的成败.     

Operational Oceanography System applied to the Prestige oil-spillage event

This contribution describes the procedure used during the Prestige oil-spillage event, by means of an Operational Oceanography System, and the behaviour of the present prediction tools (hydrodynamic and dispersion models) applied to it. The accuracy of these tools is estimated by a reanalysis of field data transmitted by a sea surface drifting buoy, released at the time of the oil spill. The numerical models applied were the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), fed by the available six-hourly NCEP atmospheric information, together with a Lagrangian Particle-Tracking Model (LPTM). ROMS has been used to estimate the current fields for the Bay of Biscay, whilst the LPTM has provided the oil spill trajectories. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of the numerical models depends upon the quality of the meteorological input data. In this case, the current fields at the sea surface, derived by ROMS, have been underestimated by the wind fields of the NCEP reanalysis data. An efficient calibration of these wind fields, with data provided by the Gascony buoy (fixed oceanic and atmospheric station), achieves more realistic looking results; this is reflected in the comparison between the buoy trajectory predicted numerically and the tracked movements of the drifting buoy.     

基于溢流阀的共轨压力控制仿真研究

为研究柴油机高压共轨系统轨腔压力波动,在建立物理、数学模型的基础上,制定轨腔压力的模糊-PID控制策略。仿真结果表明,该策略很适合用于轨腔压力稳定控制。     

我国水上船舶溢油应急能力现状及建设规划研究

文中根据“我国沿海与长江干线船舶溢油应急处置能力建设”调研情况,对我国目前的水上船舶溢油应急能力现状进行了总结。对我国当前面临的水上污染形势,以及船舶溢油应急领域存在的问题进行了分析,就海事系统落实《国家水上交通安全和救助系统布局规划》进行了探讨。     

珠江口区域海上溢油动态预测信息系统的开发与应用

为了对《珠江口区域溢油应急计划》提供决策支持,在国内外相关研究成果基础上,针对珠江口海域的特点,研究开发了先进实用的"珠江口区域海上溢油动态预报信息系统",综合了三维潮流模型、三维溢油扩散模型、溢油风化模型、应急反应模型、以及电子海图、地理信息系统(GIS)、数据库等关键技术。该系统可以预测模拟并可视化显示海上溢油的漂移扩散和性质变化过程,同时显示环境敏感区和应急人员设备分布等相关信息。实际溢油应用案例表明,该系统的预报模拟结果与现场实际情况完全相符,能有效地提高海上溢油污染事故的应急决策效率。     

Impact of forcing errors in the CAMCAT oil spill forecasting system. A sensitivity study

The CAMCAT oil spill forecasting system is presented in this paper, and an evaluation of the impact of errors in the forcing fields over its forecasts is carried out. The system is formed by several independent modules which provide forecasts of winds, currents and waves to an oil spill module which predicts the evolution of the spill.The typical twin-experiments experience is used paying special attention to a realistic characterization of the errors when perturbing the forcing fields. The results suggest that errors in the wind and current fields are the main limiting factor for the quality of the oil spill forecasts. The pollutant identification is also crucial to determine the final vertical position and characteristics of the product.     

考虑时变特性的海上溢油事故应急物资调度

针对海上溢油事故应急物资调度问题,本文考虑事故需求点受海上风浪影响而发生漂移的特点,分析需求点漂移对救援路径规划和环境损失的影响,构建以运输成本和环境损失最小为优化目标的数学模型,提出一种改进的遗传模拟退火混合算法。以蓬莱石油泄露事故的实际数据为背景,对模型进行实例验证和算例分析。结果显示：与不考虑需求点漂移获得的救援方案相比,本文方法在总航行距离上减少了9.11%、环境污染降低了41.17%,说明海上溢油应急救援调度问题中考虑需求点漂移的重要性;针对不同规模、不同需求点分布的算例,本文方法在算法优越性和求解稳定性上均体现出较为明显的优势,表明本文方法可以获得较优的调度方案,实现更准确高效的应急救援;通过灵敏度分析获知,提升船舶容量可以明显降低应急救援运输成本,且提升船舶航行速度可以更好地降低环境污染。     

韩国对“河北精神”号溢油事故的应急处理及其启示

文中介绍了“河北精神”号溢油事故的起因,分析了韩国所采取的应急措施,评估其有效性,提出我国处理类似应急事件的对策建议。     

Case Study of Marine Ecological Compensation Criteria Based on Environmental Risk

This paper forecasted and identified the environmental risks and ecological effect caused by chemical spill by simulating the xylene spill in Xiamen waters. The evaluation objects of ecological damage include four parts: marine ecosystem services, sea water quality, marine biological resources (plankton, benthos, nekton, etc.), and beach habitat. The ecological compensation criterion was confirmed as 1.73 million Yuan per year in the short term and 8.09 million Yuan in the long term. And an ecological compensation mode was suggested to be that if the chemical spill does not occur this year, the compensation will return to the enterprise next year; while if chemical spill occurs, the compensation will not be returned. The encouragement mechanism "returning compensation if no spill" might motivate enterprises to improve the environmental risk management and avoid the risks.