Case Study of Marine Ecological Compensation Criteria Based on Environmental Risk

This paper forecasted and identified the environmental risks and ecological effect caused by chemical spill by simulating the xylene spill in Xiamen waters. The evaluation objects of ecological damage include four parts: marine ecosystem services, sea water quality, marine biological resources (plankton, benthos, nekton, etc.), and beach habitat. The ecological compensation criterion was confirmed as 1.73 million Yuan per year in the short term and 8.09 million Yuan in the long term. And an ecological compensation mode was suggested to be that if the chemical spill does not occur this year, the compensation will return to the enterprise next year; while if chemical spill occurs, the compensation will not be returned. The encouragement mechanism "returning compensation if no spill" might motivate enterprises to improve the environmental risk management and avoid the risks.     

Simulation of the oil spill processes in the Sea of Japan with regional ocean circulation model

A simulation of the movement of spilled oil after the incident of the Russian tanker Nakhodka in the Sea of Japan, in January 1997, was performed by a particle tracking model incorporating advection by currents, random diffusion, the buoyancy effect, the parameterization of oil evaporation, biodegradation, and beaching. The currents advecting spilled oil were defined by surface wind drift superposed on the three-dimensional ocean currents obtained by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory modular ocean model (GFDL MOM), which was forced by the climatological monthly mean meteorological data, or by the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) daily meteorological data, and assimilated sea surface topography detected by satellite altimeter. A number of experiments with different parameters and situations showed that the wide geographical spread of oil observed is not explained by wind drift alone, and that including the simulated climatological currents gives better results. The combination of surface wind drift and daily ocean currents shows the best agreement between the model and observations except in some coastal areas. The daily meteorological effect on the ocean circulation model results in a stronger variability of currents that closely simulates some features of the nonlinear large-scale horizontal turbulent diffusion of oil. The effect of different parameterizations for the size distribution of model oil particles is discussed. Received for publication on July 26, 1999; accepted on Nov. 17, 1999     

Improvement of oil/water selectivity by stearic acid modified expanded perlite for oil spill cleanup

Ecological disasters and economic losses resulting from oil spills have reminded us the necessity for finding an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and available in large-scale materials to minimize the oil spill effects. The development of high oil/water selectivity mineral sorbent for the removal of oil from the water is of great interest for oil spill cleanup. In this work, highly oil/water selectivity sorbent of expanded perlite modified with stearic acid was prepared by solution-immersion processes, and the characterization of sorbent was analyzed by Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy technique. The optimized amount of loaded stearic acid (SA) on the expanded perlite surface was found to be 2.0%. Then the sorption characteristics of unmodified expanded perlite (UMEP) and stearic acid modified expanded perlite (SMEP) were tested. The effects of different particles size, oil/water volume ratio and sorption simulated condition were investigated. It was found that expanded perlite modified with stearic acid could adsorb selectively oil from water in oil/water system. The maximum oil/water sorption ratio of SMEP was 46, which was about 191 times that of UMEP (0.24) in studied experimental range. The FT-IR analysis demonstrated the presence of long-chain alkyl group in the SMEP samples, which played an important role in oil/water selectivity of SMEP samples. The equilibrium were tested with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and oil sorption process of SMEP showed good correlation with the Langmuir isotherm model.     

对使用稀浆封层机施工封层若干问题的探讨

在北方路面施工中一般都需要跨年度施工，即第一年完成基层和部分沥青下面层施工，第二年完成所有沥青面层的施工。我们在施工中所采用的下封层往往都具有双重作用，既要有透层的联结作用，又要有封层的保护作用，因此在北方路面中基层与面层间设置联结层具有十分重要的意义。     

对"2007年渤海溢油应急演习"的思考

本文介绍了"2007年渤海溢油应急演习"概况,分析了演习的经验和成果,就演习反映的问题提出了解决建议。     

基于一、二维水动力耦合模拟的三峡库区溢油预测模型研究

随着三峡库区通航条件的改善和船舶流量的不断增加,库区水上溢油风险形势日益严峻.文中以一维圣维南方程和二维EFDC模型为基础,实现了一维、二维水动力的耦合模拟,而后结合油粒子漂移扩散模型设计了一个适用于三峡库区水上溢油预测模型.在此基础上对175m水位的万州段长江干流的假想溢油事故进行了进行模拟,初步检验了溢油预测模型的效果.     

长江重庆辖区溢油三维虚拟仿真及在应急决策中的应用

长江重庆辖区呈连续弯曲的河道形态,水文航道情况复杂,辖区内水运繁忙,危险化学品运量逐年上升,溢油事故风险不断攀升,建立溢油三维虚拟仿真并应用于决策已成为当务之急.文中通过建立基于油粒子模式的重庆辖区溢油模型,说明溢油三维虚拟仿真过程并建立长江重庆辖区溢油三维虚拟仿真系统,并将该系统应用于应急决策.     

溢油污染生物资源损害评估地理信息系统的开发

提出利用VC 从底层开发溢油污染生物资源损害评估地理信息系统,用于实现对模型数据的有效管理和图形可视化.根据数值评估模型应用特点,建立评估模型数据库和地理信息数据库,给出了空间数据和属性数据的管理和查询实现方法.通过应用矢量和栅格空间数据模型、面向对象编程方法以及地图投影变换、图形绘制等图形显示技术实现空间数据的可视化.利用VC 对系统进行开发,除实现了一般GIS的基本功能外,还实现了潮流预报、溢油行为动态预测以及溢油事故海洋生物资源损害评估等专业应用功能.     

关于溢油分散剂效能检测方法的探讨

针对近年来一些国外分散剂代理商对我国分散剂检测方法提出的质疑,对国际上常用的分散剂效能检测方法作一介绍,同时对不同国家检测方法设计和测试结果之间的差异作一比较,对导致差异的原因进行分析,从而可明确进口分散剂只有通过我国国家标准规定检测方法的检测,并获得海事主管部门的认可批准,才能在中国水域使用的原则。     

油船溢油风险评价指标体系的构建及应用

分析油船溢油的主要原因,根据系统分析和层次分析相结合的原则建立油船溢油风险评价的多级评价指标体系,运用模糊数学中层次分析法结合对专家调查问卷的结果,综合分析给出油船溢油风险评价各指标的权重。将所建立的模型应用到实际油船,给出降低风险的措施。