钻井液添加剂抑制天然气水合物形成的实验研究

抑制或防止气体水合物的生成一直是油气生产和运输部门关注的问题。针对上述问题，利用自行设计的实验设备，开展了多种钻井液处理剂对天然气水合物形成影响的实验研究；通过对实验数据分析得到了各实验组分的过冷度，并得出结论：在钻井过程中添加一定剂量的有机聚合物类处理剂可以抑制水合物生成，在实验条件下，抑制能力从强到弱分别为：PF-THTN、PAM、LV-CMC、XY-28、SD-102。     

钢板移动式感应加热过程工艺参数分析与局部变形预测

针对钢板移动式感应加热成形问题,采用正交试验分析得出影响钢板感应加热的主要因素是加热速度和空气间隙,并利用数值模拟分析这两个工艺参数与钢板变形之间的关系。结果表明,加热速度和空气间隙会影响加热深度,进而对横向收缩量、横向角变形和垂向位移有显著的影响。最后,在数值计算样本的基础上推导横向收缩量的回归数学模型,发现回归模型的计算值与试验值之间的相对误差在工程允许范围内,证明回归模型的计算结果可靠。     

压缩载荷下金属波纹夹层梁稳定性试验与数值分析

针对一个激光焊接金属波纹夹层梁模型,设计轴向压缩载荷下稳定性试验方案,通过试验获得夹层梁结构失稳临界载荷（极限载荷）及破坏模式。采用有限元软件ANSYS计算、探讨轴向压缩载荷下夹层梁结构的稳定性,数值计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。最后,对夹层梁结构在轴向压缩载荷下的临界失稳承载能力进行参数化分析。计算结果表明：在增加相同重量的前提下,增加下面板的厚度或芯层的厚度更有利于提高夹层梁结构的轴向临界失稳承载能力。     

江海直达船艏部结构入水砰击试验

新一代江海直达船主要呈宽扁型且吃水较浅,由江入海航行时会发生船艏底部和外飘砰击,严重的砰击会造成船舶主动失速甚至结构损伤,影响船舶与人员安全。传统的理论和相关经验公式很难预报宽扁肥大的艏部结构的砰击载荷。相较于传统的简化模型试验方法,本文基于相似理论设计了与某新型江海直达船艏部结构相似的三维木质模型。采用落水试验的方法进行了一系列的不同落水高度及不同入水角度的入水砰击试验。研究江海直达船艏部结构所受砰击载荷特点,得到砰击压力峰值及其分布规律,同时发现了小角度入水情况下（入水攻角α<5°）的空气垫效应,空气垫延缓并减小了砰击压力峰值。此外还回归了0°~15°入水攻角下的底部砰击压力预报公式,可供结构设计时参考砰击载荷的选取。     

喷嘴内燃油空化及影响因素的实验研究

柴油机燃油喷射雾化过程除受湍流和环境气体的空气动力学效应影响外,还与喷孔内空化有关,因此对喷孔内燃油空化和影响因素的研究有重要的意义。本文中设计了透明喷孔代替原柴油机喷油器的喷孔,采用高速数码相机和高放大倍数、高分辩率的长距离显微成像技术和纳秒级闪光灯作为相机曝光光源,获得了较高分辩率和清晰度的实验图像。对柴油机喷孔内燃油空化产生、发展和分布状态进行显微观测,直观展现喷孔内燃油空化及影响规律,获得了燃油空化过程的直观认识。结果表明,柴油机喷孔内空化流动情况比较复杂,影响因素较多,其中喷孔几何结构对喷嘴内空化过程影响最显著,喷孔内空化首先出现在压力室针阀附近,随后空化区域向喷孔出口处扩散、延伸,对于渐缩喷孔,空化形成受到抑制,而渐扩喷孔则有利于空化形成;减小喷孔直径,不利于空化形成。环境压力对空化起到抑制的作用,环境压力增大,也不利于空化形成。此外还对喷孔内空化强度进行量化描述,通过空化强度对实验获得的图像进行量化分析。     

湘江长沙综合枢纽通航水流条件及改善措施研究

根据湘江长沙综合枢纽通航水流条件试验研究成果,分析了船闸上、下游引航道口门区及连接段水流条件及影响因素,通过采取多种改善通航水流条件的有效措施,提出了满足船舶或船队航行条件的枢纽平面布置方案。     

基于CFD方法的6500 TEU集装箱船舵空泡腐蚀数值模拟研究

  目的  为深入研究舵空化时的精细流场及其非定常水动力性能的相关规律,  方法  针对某型船的桨、舵模型进行建模,采用结构化网格、SST k-ω湍流模型和流体体积（VOF）方法对舵空泡进行计算。针对舵空泡问题进行实船观测试验,将舵空泡的计算结果与实船舵空泡的观测结果进行对比,验证数值方法的可靠性。对舵空泡的周期性变化进行探讨和分析,并基于空化和非空化2种状态对3种舵角下的舵空泡进行计算。  结果  结果显示,当空化范围较小时,空化对舵力时均值的影响较小,随着空化范围的增加,空化对舵力时均值的影响明显变大,尤其是舵效显著降低;一旦发生空化,舵非定常力的脉动幅值将大幅增加,且空化范围越大,舵非定常力的脉动幅值越大。  结论  研究结果可为评估空化发生后舵的水动力性能及舵的优化设计提供技术支撑。     

Expanding scope of hybrid choice models allowing for mixture of social influences and latent attitudes: Application to intended purchase of electric cars

Recently, policy makers’ expectations about the role of electric cars in reducing emissions have risen substantially. In parallel, academic research on purchase intentions has dramatically increased. Originally, most studies have focused on utility attributes and price. More recently, several hybrid choice models have been estimated to include the impact of attitudes on choice probabilities. In addition, a few studies have caught the attention to social influence. In contributing to this line of research, this paper reports the results of an expanded hybrid choice, which simultaneously estimated all these different effects in a single integrated model of purchase intention. Results indicate that the model performs well. Costs considerations contribute most to the utility of electric cars. Social influence is less important, but there is also evidence that people tend to take it into consideration when there are positive public opinions about electric cars and the market share becomes almost half of friends of their social network. The intention to purchase an electric car is also influenced by attitudes about environmental concerns and technology acceptance.     

动车低速脱轨的动态响应

在动车轴箱下方安装防护装置, 进行线路低速脱轨试验。车辆借助脱轨器完成脱轨, 利用应变片、加速度和位移传感器采集脱轨车辆的动态响应, 采用高速摄像仪和视频摄像仪分别记录了脱轨车辆的运动姿态。基于试验数据, 评估了脱轨条件下钢轨抗倾翻能力, 验证了脱轨安全防护装置的性能, 分析了动车脱轨后的动态响应和脱轨速度、车辆质量和线路对动态响应的影响。试验结果表明: 当动车低速脱轨时, 防护装置撞击钢轨的最大横向力为177.18kN, 小于钢轨横向抵抗力510.00kN, 因此, 脱轨安全防护装置可以扣住钢轨外侧, 有效限制脱轨车辆的横向移动。车辆的脱轨过程分为惰行、轨上运动、落地和路基滑行4个阶段, 各阶段的动态响应均随脱轨速度和车辆质量的增大而增大。当动车脱轨速度为22km·h^-1时, CRTSⅡ型双块式无砟轨道的脱轨距离约为15.80m, CRTSⅠ型板式无砟轨道的脱轨距离约为20.87m, 因此, CRTSⅡ型双块式无砟轨道的轨枕可以起到减速带的作用, 减小脱轨距离。     

Commuters’ behavior towards upgraded bus services in Greater Beirut: Implications for greenhouse gas emissions,social welfare and transport policy

Climate change is one of the most critical environmental challenges faced in the world today. The transportation sector alone contributes to 22% of carbon emissions, of which 80% are contributed by road transportation. In this paper we investigate the potential private car greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction and social welfare gains resulting from upgrading the bus service in the Greater Beirut Area. To this end, a stated preference (SP) survey on mode switching from private car to bus was conducted in this area and analyzed by means of a mixed logit model. We then used the model outputs to simulate aggregate switching behavior in the study area and the attendant welfare and environmental gains and private car GHG emissions reductions under various alternative scenarios of bus service upgrade. We recommend a bundle of realistic bus service improvements in the short term that will result in a reasonable shift to buses and measurable reduction in private car emissions. We argue that such improvements will need to be comprehensive in scope and include both improvements in bus level of service attributes (access/egress time, headway, in-vehicle travel time, and number of transfers) and the provision of amenities, including air-conditioning and Wi-Fi. Moreover, such a service needs to be cheaply priced to achieve reasonably high levels of switching behavior. With a comprehensively overhauled bus service, one would expect that bus ridership would increase for commuting purposes at first, and once the habit for it is formed, for travel purposes other than commuting, hence dramatically broadening the scope of private car GHG emissions reduction. This said, this study demonstrates the limits of focused sectorial policies in targeting and reducing private car GHG emissions, and highlights the need for combining behavioral interventions with other measures, most notably technological innovations, in order for the contribution of this sector to GHG emissions mitigation to be sizable.