考虑不对称性的地铁旅客支付及受偿意愿研究

支付意愿与受偿意愿是交通评价及服务水平优化的关键输入参数,但现有关于地铁系统的研究及实证多未考虑两者间的不对称性. 针对这一问题,依托成都地铁旅客路径选择SP 数据,基于非集计模型,构建并标定了对称同质偏好、不对称同质偏好、对称异质偏好、不对称异质偏好等异构模型;分别从个体及总体水平求解,对比换乘走行时间、换乘等待时间、换乘次数和拥挤乘车时间的支付意愿与受偿意愿. 结果表明,受偿意愿与支付意愿的不对称性在总体水平大小及个体间异质性方面皆有体现,参数分布假设对不对称异质偏好模型支付意愿与受偿意愿求解结果影响明显.     

Pedestrian crowd tactical‐level decision making during emergency evacuations

This paper investigates pedestrian crowd tactical‐level decision making during emergency evacuations. Of particular interest is crowd exit‐choice behaviour. Two sources of stated choice data are collected and combined. One data set is derived from an experiment linked to a real‐life exit choice experience of participants (in a non‐evacuation setting). We examine aspects that have often been taken for granted in the literature in connection with egress behaviour of crowds during emergencies. We quantify evacuees' trade‐off between “distance”, “density”, “exit visibility” and “directional density” as well as the interactive effect between exit visibility and tendency to follow others. A comprehensive random‐utility analysis is conducted ranging from traditionally practiced models to the state‐of‐the‐practice methods such as random‐coefficient nested logit. Our findings suggest that (i) unless evacuees face certain levels of uncertainty in the escape environment; flows of crowd are unlikely to be followed. Otherwise, most evacuees perceive other individuals as potential sources of congestion and extra delay (generalisation to situations where crowd is completely unfamiliar with the egress geometry, however, may require careful scrutiny). (ii) Evacuees mostly prefer visible exits over the exits whose congestion level is unknown to them (i.e. the tendency to minimise ambiguity). (iii) The presence of attribute uncertainty (e.g. exit visibility) significantly changes the impact of observing decisions of others on each individual choice maker. We also found out that (iv) spatial distribution of exits has a significant influence on evacuees' decisions (presenting itself in the form of violating the IIA assumption). (v) The marginal weights that different individuals place upon attributes of exits are significantly heterogeneous. (vi) There is meaningful correlation between certain utility weights of individual evacuees. These behavioural findings can provide significant behavioural insight essential for safe evacuation planning and accurate forecast of evacuees' behaviour. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A review of separate and joint strategies for the use of data on revealed and stated choices

This paper examines recent developments in household travel surveys that collect data for use in transportation planning and modeling efforts. The paper then introduces the notion of a total survey design and elaborates on what is meant by this concept. This is done first in the context of standard surveys of revealed choices. The paper discusses aspects of content and respondent burden and illustrates the potential to reduce respondent burden through careful consideration of content, question design, and question ordering. The paper also explores some issues of survey "friendliness" particularly with respect to activity surveys versus time-use surveys, with some observations about the potential of time-use surveys to eliminate some of the burden and content problems of previous diary designs. The remainder of the paper concentrates on the issue of collecting stated-response data and examines two alternative methods for collection: simultaneous collection of the contextual information and "on-the-fly" development of the alternatives for the stated-response questions, or sequential collection of contextual data and development of the stated-response questions. The paper also addresses issues of respondent burden that arise in the administration of stated-response surveys. The paper concludes with exploration of some of the reasons for collecting stated-response data, with particular emphasis on the US situation. In conclusion, the paper stresses again the need for a total design concept for collection of stated-response data, as well as for the simpler collection of more standard revealed choice data.     

Route Choice Behaviour of Freeway Travellers Under Real-time Traffic Information Provision – Application of the Best Route and the Habitual Route Choice Mechanisms

Abstract

This paper investigates route choice behaviour on freeways between Taipei and Taichung in Taiwan under the provision of real-time traffic information. Two types of route choice selection rules (the best-route and habitual-route) are analysed using ordered probit models to identify the major influences on freeway travellers’ route choice behaviour. The level of service associated with each route is defined as a generalised cost saving (GCS) and specified non-linearly with a threshold inherent to travellers. The marginal (dis)utility thresholds in the ‘best’ and ‘habitual’ behaviour models are identified through a goodness-of-fit grid. The results confirm that the thresholds for changing the inertia behaviour of drivers should be larger than the ones for choosing the best routes. In addition, the drivers are more likely to choose either the best or the habitual routes once the GCS are greater than the identified threshold values.     

城市轨道交通新线开通对出行方式选择的影响研究

为研究城市轨道交通新线开通对出行方式选择的影响,开展了出行方式转换的SP(Stated Preference)调查,构建全目的和通勤出行方式选择的MNL模型(Multinomial Logit model)。定量分析了个体属性和交通方式属性对出行者交通方式选择的影响。研究表明：乘客感知的轨道交通全目的出行时耗负效用为相同时耗公交的91%,而通勤时耗负效用为全目的出行的1.89倍;轨道交通出行总时耗对分担率影响最显著,前者增减50%时,后者变动约10%;公交是轨道交通的主要竞争方式,当前者出行耗时提高50%时,后者分担率将增加6.8%;停车费小幅提高和出行时耗增加不能显著促使小汽车使用者转向轨道交通,交通需求管理是引导出行转移的重要途径。     

The evaluation of high occupancy vehicle lanes on sun yat‐sen freeway in Taiwan

This study proposes a methodological framework to incorporate latent factors, including direct and indirect perceptions, as the explanatory variables in a discrete choice models using revealed preference and stated preference data sets. The methodology requires the estimation of a model system comprising of a discrete choice model and the structural and measurement equations of a latent variable model. The application involves the evaluation of responses to the new high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes on the Sun Yat‐Sen Freeway in Taiwan. The results obtained from this study provide valuable insights into the planning and assessment of HOV lanes.     

Value of leisure time based on individuals' mode choice behavior

Values of time have been defined in various forms such as value of leisure time (shadow price of time), value of travel time, and value of saving time, and are mostly measured based on individuals' travel choice behavior. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the value of leisure time by general mode choice models. The estimated level can be used to evaluate the benefits from the increasing leisure time gained by people in Taiwan after the government has practiced a series of policies to shorten employee's working hours in the last few years. To justify the application, this study reviews and reinterprets the theoretical results of some major works on value of time derivations. Then to practically estimate the value of leisure time, it suggests a method of combining revealed preference and stated preference data for application. Finally, it conducts an empirical study on travelers' mode choices behavior in Taiwan to carry out the method suggested. The value of leisure time is estimated at 56NT$ per hour (around 1.65US$/hr), which is even lower than the minimum wage rate regulated by Taiwan government.     

基于D-optimal试验设计的公共交通出行logit模型

以成都到龙泉片区的交通通道为研究对象,假设通道开通地铁的情况下,采用D-optimal试验设计意愿调查问卷,选择费用、时间等变量以及个人属性作为效用变量,建立公共交通出行的多项logit模型,结合意愿调查数据对模型进行求解,分析通道中公共交通出行选择行为,并预测成都到龙泉片区主要交通方式的客流分担率。分析表明,地铁将承担通道中大部分的客流。     

停车换乘设施使用者调查

为了探讨停车换乘设施吸引的出行需求行为特性,在北京市进行了停车换乘设施使用者问卷调查.采用行为调查和意向调查相结合的方式,深入分析停车换乘设施使用者的出行行为特性和换乘行为意愿.结果显示,停车换乘者主要是全职通勤和中等偏高收入出行者,其驾车到达停车换乘设施的时间集中在6～30 min,乘坐公共交通的时间为30～60 m...     

适合施工项目物资管理办法的探索

结合高速公路施工项目物资管理的工作实践,考虑施工项目物资管理的特殊性,介绍了传真比价采购方法、地材成本定价方法、物资明细账记账方法、限额发料管理办法。