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291.
货车是我国大气环境污染的重要来源之一,也是影响我国碳达峰总体目标实现的重要因
素。本文从货车运营环节入手,在运用生长曲线函数对货车保有量进行预测的基础上,对不同类
型货车的保有量和单车碳排放变化进行研究,并从货车节能技术发展、新能源货车推广和应用进
程两方面入手,分3种情景对货车运营环节中产生的碳排放总量趋势进行预判,推演货车运营环
节的碳达峰时间。研究结果表明,只有同时加快货车节能技术发展以及新能源货车推广和应用
进程,货车运营环节中产生的碳排放总量规模才能得到有效抑制并逐渐减少。若到 2030 年货
车单车燃料消耗水平较 2019 年降低 20%以上,新能源货车在货车整体保有量中的占比达到
20%,到 2060 年货车单车燃料消耗水平较 2019 年降低 50%,新能源货车占比达到 50%,则货车
运营环节碳达峰时间将缩短至2030年左右实现,2030年后货车运营环节产生的碳排放总量规
模将逐渐减少。 相似文献
292.
This paper uses a case study of a UK inter-urban road, to explore the impact of extending the system boundary of road pavement life cycle assessment (LCA) to include increased traffic emissions due to delays during maintenance. Some previous studies have attempted this but have been limited to hypothetical scenarios or simplified traffic modelling, with no validation or sensitivity analysis. In this study, micro-simulation modelling of traffic was used to estimate emissions caused by delays at road works, for several traffic management options. The emissions were compared to those created by the maintenance operation, estimated using an LCA model. In this case study, the extra traffic emissions caused by delays at road works are relatively small, compared to those from the maintenance process, except for hydrocarbon emissions. However, they are generally close to, or above, the materiality threshold recommended in PAS2050 for estimating carbon footprints, and reach 5–10% when traffic flow levels are increased (hypothetically) or when traffic management is imposed outside times of lowest traffic flow. It is recommended, therefore, that emissions due to traffic disruption at road works should be included within the system boundary of road pavement LCA and carbon footprint studies and should be considered in developing guidelines for environmental product declarations of road pavement maintenance products and services. 相似文献
293.
The identification and empirical characterization of vehicular (Lagrangian) fundamental diagrams in multilane traffic flow 下载免费PDF全文
Traditional macroscopic traffic flow modeling framework adopts the spatial–temporal coordinate system to analyze traffic flow dynamics. With such modeling and analysis paradigm, complications arise for traffic flow data collected from mobile sensors such as probe vehicles equipped with mobile phones, Bluetooth, and Global Positioning System devices. The vehicle‐based measurement technologies call for new modeling thoughts that address the unique features of moving measurements and explore their full potential. In this paper, we look into the concept of vehicular fundamental diagram (VFD) and discuss its engineering implications. VFD corresponds to a conventional fundamental diagram (FD) in the kinematic wave (KW) theory that adopts space–time coordinates. Similar to the regular FD in the KW theory, VFD encapsulates all traffic flow dynamics. In this paper, to demonstrate the full potential of VFD in interpreting multilane traffic flow dynamics, we generalize the classical Edie's formula and propose a direct approach of reconstructing VFD from traffic measurements in the vehicular coordinates. A smoothing algorithm is proposed to effectively reduce the nonphysical fluctuation of traffic states calculated from multilane vehicle trajectories. As an example, we apply the proposed methodology to explore the next‐generation simulation datasets and identify the existence and forms of shock waves in different coordinate systems. Our findings provide empirical justifications and further insight for the Lagrangian traffic flow theory and models when applied in practice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
294.
Intercity passenger trips constitute a significant source of energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and criteria pollutant emissions. The most commonly used city-to-city modes in the United States include aircraft, intercity bus, and automobile. This study applies state-of-the-practice models to assess life-cycle fuel consumption and pollutant emissions for intercity trips via aircraft, intercity bus, and automobile. The analyses compare the fuel and emissions impacts of different travel mode scenarios for intercity trips ranging from 200 to 1600 km. Because these modes operate differently with respect to engine technology, fuel type, and vehicle capacity, the modeling techniques and modeling boundaries vary significantly across modes. For aviation systems, much of the energy and emissions are associated with auxiliary equipment activities, infrastructure power supply, and terminal activities, in addition to the vehicle operations between origin/destination. Furthermore, one should not ignore the embodied energy and initial emissions from the manufacturing of the vehicles, and the construction of airports, bus stations, highways and parking lots. Passenger loading factors and travel distances also significantly influence fuel and emissions results on a per-traveler basis. The results show intercity bus is generally the most fuel-efficient mode and produced the lowest per-passenger-trip emissions for the entire range of trip distances examined. Aviation is not a fuel-efficient mode for short trips (<500 km), primarily due to the large energy impacts associated with takeoff and landing, and to some extent from the emissions of ground support equipment associated with any trip distance. However, aviation is more energy efficient and produces less emissions per-passenger-trip than low-occupancy automobiles for trip distances longer than 700–800 km. This study will help inform policy makers and transportation system operators about how differently each intercity system perform across all activities, and provides a basis for future policies designed to encourage mode shifts by range of service. The estimation procedures used in this study can serve as a reference for future analyses of transportation scenarios. 相似文献
295.
296.
为分析海洋执法船主尺度之间的变化规律,对海洋执法船的发展趋势进行了介绍,并对其相关船型数据资料进行整理分析。采用多元回归的数学方法,建立了基于多变量的海洋执法船主尺度数学模型,有利于对海洋执法船主尺度的变化规律进行分析与掌握,为海洋执法船的报价设计与初步设计提供一定的科学依据。 相似文献
297.
通过分析地铁供电系统不同电压等级的设备电流特征,确定35 kV电压等级设备电流可构造标准曲线,采用机器智能学习算法分析、测算地铁供电系统中各类开关峰谷时段运行电流,以均值-方差方法确定电流的高度异常偏离点,实现异常点数据周期内统计以及实时提醒功能。应用电流实测值分析电流在工作日、节假日的不同曲线,为负荷预测和非正常运行方式下的负荷叠加风险提供预测和评估依据,保障供电系统的安全运行,提高负荷管控效率。 相似文献
298.
Comprehensive analyses of the layout influence on power performance of a low-frequency miniature horizontal-pendulum-type inertial energy harvester for underwater mooring platforms are presented in this article. The mathematical models are obtained utilizing the Newton-Euler method. The power performance is evaluated by simulations over different parameters, such as damping, excitation frequency, and layout position. Simulation results indicate that the harvester can extract energy from low-frequency excitations over the range of 0.1 Hz–0.4 Hz, and maximum output power can reach to 0.7 W under excitation frequency f = 0.4 Hz. Different layout positions influence the energy harvesting performance of the harvester dramatically. Changing the layout position to positive value can enhance and broaden the power performance. The amplitude responses with different layout positions do not show resonant characteristics, even near the natural frequency of the harvester, due to large amplitude vibrations and strong nonlinear characteristic. As excitation frequency f = 0.4 Hz, there is a zero output power point appears at layout position d = −1.3 m. Moreover, the harnessed power has a quadratic relationship with the layout position value. 相似文献
299.
300.
郑辉 《铁道标准设计通讯》2019,(4):165-169
装配式综合管廊在地铁车辆基地中的应用尚处于探索阶段,为了将装配式综合管廊与地铁车辆基地有效结合,提出一种适合于地铁车辆基地的装配式综合管廊解决方案。系统研究车辆基地发展装配式管廊的可行性,从目前车辆基地综合管廊建设和运营现状出发,提出了单仓和双仓两种管廊断面模式。通过应用BIM技术对管线进行碰撞检查和节点深化设计,并在管廊设计中考虑相关附属配套设施。工程实践证明,装配式综合管廊比现浇管廊土建成本减少4%,工期缩短45%,从安全、环保、质量、工期、场地、运维等多方面具有明显优势,应大力推广。下阶段应从标准化设计、施工方面对装配式管廊进行系统研究并争取尽快应用到实际项目中。 相似文献