农村人口出行方式选择模型

基于非集计模型的基本理论与建模方法, 根据全国12个省1249份农村人口的出行调研数据, 分析了影响农村人口出行方式选择的因素, 选择步行、自行车、摩托车、农用车、客车、私家车6种交通方式作为农村人口出行方式选择肢, 确定了影响农村人口出行方式选择的变量及相应的取值方法, 建立了农村人口出行方式选择模型, 并选取400份农村人口出行数据对模型进行了验证。计算结果表明: 各种出行方式的计算值与统计值的最大绝对误差是4.0%, 说明模型计算精度较高。     

信息不完全时公共停车场停车费和规模优化

为了对信息不完全情况下公共停车场的费率和规模进行规划, 建立了规制经营和竞争经营2种管理模式下的停车费和规模优化模型。运用二维逆向选择和动态博弈方法得出了公共停车场最优停车费和规模的制定准则, 分析了各因素对最优停车费和规模的影响。通过对2种模式下公共停车场的经营状况和社会福利的比较得知: 经营模式对停车费的影响不定; 竞争经营模式下停车场的规模较规制经营模式下大94.21%;私人停车管理公司的利润较规制经营模式下高67.13%;停车服务需求较规制经营模式下大36.70%, 社会福利较规制经营模式下高41.34%, 可以看出竞争经营模式对公共停车场的经营管理和社会福利较为有利。     

Decomposition analysis of decoupling freight transport from economic growth in China

Freight transport industry plays a significant role in boosting economic growth, while also creating many negative externalities for social welfare and the environment. Using data from 1997 to 2017, this study employs the complete decomposition technique to identify the driving forces of freight transport and explores its internal relations with economic growth in China. The decomposition analysis focuses on four factors that are responsible for freight transport: economic activity, industrial structure, transport intensity, and haulage distance. Then, the decoupling index is adopted to examine the decoupling relationship between freight transport and economic growth in China. The results showed that weak decoupling between freight transport and economic growth was the main state during the study period. A strong decoupling effect was identified in 1997–1998, 2012–2013, and 2014–2015, whereas no decoupling effect was observed in 1998–1999, 2008–2009, and 2011–2012. The transport intensity was the most important contributor to the decoupling progress, the industrial structure effect played a role in promoting the decoupling progress over half of the years during the research period, and the haulage distance effect facilitated the decoupling progress in more than one-third of the years examined.     

超空泡航行体尾部滑行力实验研究

超空泡航行体尾部沾湿滑行水动力对其水下运动特性具有重要影响。本文建立了圆柱后体在空泡内动态摆动滑行力水洞实验方法,开展了圆柱后体静态不同攻角和动态不同摆动角速度滑行水动力测量实验,获得了不同工况下滑行面几何特性和滑行力特性,并基于实验数据提出了滑行升力估算的经验公式。与理论公式比较表明,滑行力随浸没角、浸没深度变化的规律一致,Hassan模型预估值比实验值大,Paryshev模型预估值比Hassan模型更大些。     

Forecasting the impacts of climate change on inland waterways

Inland waterways are vulnerable to climate change as river navigation depends on water levels. Droughts can severely disrupt inland navigation services by reducing water levels either to completely non-navigable ones or to levels that oblige operators to reduce vessel load. We analyse the impacts of droughts induced by climate change using projections of river discharge data provided by eleven different climate model runs. We consider location specific characteristics by focusing the analysis on four specific locations of the Rhine and the Danube where a substantial part of the total freight activity in the European Union (EU) takes place. For the majority of the cases and scenarios considered, a decrease of the number of low water level days is projected, leading to fewer drought related disruptions in the operation of the inland waterway transport system. Although the uncertainties from the climate projections should not be neglected, the navigation sector could benefit from global warming which means that European inland waterways might be one of the few sectors where climate change can have negligible, or even positive, impact. The average economic benefit, for the cases considered, from the decrease of low water levels by the end of the century is projected to be almost €8million annually.     

都市圈综合轨道交通线网规划布局研究

根据都市圈多层次、多样化的旅客出行需求,针对综合轨道交通线网规划布局的整体目标要求,系统研究都市圈轨道交通框架设计、空间布局等关键问题,提出基于出行时间最小的规划布局方法以及基于层级优化的规模测算,并以大西安都市圈为对象,在既有线网规划的基础上,提出大西安都市圈轨道交通线网的优化流程。     

城市轨道交通企业多元化发展对比研究

城市轨道交通投资周期长、成本高、收益见效慢,许多轨道交通企业负债累累,但随着城市轨道交通在我国的高速发展,越来越多的轨道交通企业开启多元化经营进而实现多元化发展。本文列举了四个我国典型大都市的轨道交通多元化发展情况,结合政府颁布的土地政策,可以看出轨道交通多元化发展的重要性,以及政府将土地交由轨道交通企业自行开发、使用,政府在其中主要充当监管者的角色。这样有助于实现其多元化经营,进而带动多元化发展与城市可持续发展。     

Why are cities removing their freeways? A systematic review of the literature

ABSTRACT

A scientific consensus has recently emerged suggesting that the dominant twentieth century paradigm of solving transportation congestion problems by building more freeways failed. The legacy of the freeway construction era is clearly visible in polluted and congested cities worldwide. To battle these ills, planning academics have been promoting more sustainable built form aligned with dedicated public/active transport provision. Partly as a result of the push coming from academia, a number of cities have sought to remove their freeways and replace the freed up space with alternate transport infrastructure, such as streets and boulevards. To discern if the transportation planning profession is currently undergoing a paradigm shift or whether freeway removal is merely a temporary fad, we have conducted a systematic review of the literature. In this article, we unpack the underlying reasons which have led some cities to removing their freeways. Results reveal that a paradigm shift has arguably not yet taken place in transportation planning. While many cities are creating human-scale and active transport spaces, currently these spaces tend to coexist alongside freeways. American cities, which were once the pioneers of freeway construction, appear to be lagging behind cities in Europe and Asia in this respect. If the current pace of freeway removal continues, it may take a few decades before the transportation planners, politicians, policy makers, and communities adopt radically different norms, methods, and goals. However, a radical approach may need to be taken sooner given alarming global warming predictions.     

Data-driven ferry network design with candidate service arcs: the case of Zhuhai Islands in China

ABSTRACT

We investigate a ferry network design problem with candidate service arcs (FNDP-SA), which is a new variant motivated by areal-world case from Zhuhai Islands. In this research, the design of a ferry schedule must conform to strict constraints including technical feasibility, safety issues, environmental impacts and moreover, avoid conflicting with ferries from neighboring cities (i.e. HongKong, Shenzhen and Macao). Therefore, a set of cautiously approved service arcs are firstly given, based on which the ferry service network is optimized. This study is among the first to formally describe the FNDP-SA and model it as an integer program. A hybrid variable neighborhood descent (VND)-based algorithm is developed. Two sets of instances are generated based on the case of Zhuhai Islands, where the first set is based on historical ticket sales data while the second set is derived by incorporating increased demands in the future according to a questionnaire survey. Numerical studies have shown that 59% cost reduction on the first set can be achieved by the proposed VND algorithm when compared with manual results. Research outcomes of this study have been adopted and implemented to facilitate the sustainable development of the ferry service of Zhuhai Islands.     

A distributed VNS algorithm for optimizing dial-a-ride problems in large-scale scenarios

These days, transportation and logistic problems in large cities are demanding smarter transportation services that provide flexibility and adaptability. A possible solution to this arising problem is to compute the best routes for each new scenario. In this problem, known in the literature as the dial-a-ride problem, a number of passengers are transported between pickup and delivery locations trying to minimize the routing costs while respecting a set of prespecified constraints. This problem has been solved in the literature with several approaches from small to medium sized problems. However, few efforts have dealt with large scale problems very common in massive scenarios (big cities or highly-populated regions). In this study, a new distributed algorithm based on the partition of the requests space and the combination of the routes is presented and tested on a set of 24 different scenarios of a large-scale problem (up to 16,000 requests or 32,000 locations) in the city of San Francisco. The results show that, not only the distributed algorithm is able to solve large problem instances that the corresponding sequential algorithm is unable to solve in a reasonable time, but also to have an average improvement of 9% in the smaller problems. The results have been validated by means of statistical procedures proving that the distributed algorithm can be an effective way to solve high dimensional dial-a-ride problems.