Design of tyre force excitation for tyre–road friction estimation

Knowledge of the current tyre–road friction coefficient is essential for future autonomous vehicles. The environmental conditions, and the tyre–road friction in particular, determine both the braking distance and the maximum cornering velocity and thus set the boundaries for the vehicle. Tyre–road friction is difficult to estimate during normal driving due to low levels of tyre force excitation. This problem can be solved by using active tyre force excitation. A torque is added to one or several wheels in the purpose of estimating the tyre–road friction coefficient. Active tyre force excitation provides the opportunity to design the tyre force excitation freely. This study investigates how the tyre force should be applied to minimise the error of the tyre–road friction estimate. The performance of different excitation strategies was found to be dependent on both tyre model choice and noise level. Furthermore, the advantage with using tyre models with more parameters decreased when noise was added to the force and slip ratio.     

The Kalker book of tables for non-Hertzian contact of wheel and rail

A new regularisation of non-elliptical contact patches has been introduced, which enables building the look-up table called by us the Kalker book of tables for non-Hertzian contact (KBTNH), which is a fast creep force generator that can be used by multibody dynamics system simulation programs. The non-elliptical contact patch is regularised by a simple double-elliptical contact region (SDEC). The SDEC region is especially suitable for regularisation of contact patches obtained with approximate non-Hertzian methods for solving the normal contact problem of wheel and rail. The new regularisation is suitable for wheels and rails with any profiles, including worn profiles.

The paper describes the new procedure of regularisation of the non-elliptical contact patch, the structure of the Kalker book of tables, and parameterisation of the independent variables of the tables and creep forces.

A moderate volume Kalker book of tables for SDEC region suitable for simulation of modern running gears has been computed in co-simulation of Matlab and program CONTACT.

To access the creep forces of the Kalker book of tables, the linear interpolation has been applied.

The creep forces obtained from KBTNH have been compared to those obtained by program CONTACT and FASTSIM algorithm. FASTSIM has been applied on both the contact ellipse and the SDEC contact patch. The comparison shows that KBTNH is in good agreement with CONTACT for a wide range of creepage condition and shapes of the contact patch, whereas the use of FASTSIM on the elliptical patch and SDEC may lead to significant deviations from the reference CONTACT solutions.

The computational cost of calling creep forces from KBTNH has been estimated by comparing CPU time of FASTSIM and KBTNH. The KBTNH is 7.8–51 times faster than FASTSIM working on 36–256 discretisation elements, respectively.

In the example of application, the KBTNH has been applied for curving simulations and results compared with those obtained with the creep force generator employing the elliptical regularisation. The results significantly differ, especially in predicted creepages, because the elliptical regularisation neglects generation of the longitudinal creep force by spin creepage.     

Dynamic simulation of train–truck collision at level crossings

Trains crashing onto heavy road vehicles stuck across rail tracks are more likely occurrences at level crossings due to ongoing increase in the registration of heavy vehicles and these long heavy vehicles getting caught in traffic after partly crossing the boom gate; these incidents lead to significant financial losses and societal costs. This paper presents an investigation of the dynamic responses of trains under frontal collision on road trucks obliquely stuck on rail tracks at level crossings. This study builds a nonlinear three-dimensional multi-body dynamic model of a passenger train colliding with an obliquely stuck road truck on a ballasted track. The model is first benchmarked against several train dynamics packages and its predictions of the dynamic response and derailment potential are shown rational. A geometry-based derailment assessment criterion is applied to evaluate the derailment behaviour of the frontal obliquely impacted trains under different conditions. Sensitivities of several key influencing parameters, such as the train impact speed, the truck mass, the friction at truck tyres, the train–truck impact angle, the contact friction at the collision zone, the wheel/rail friction and the train suspension are reported.     

“学-导多元互动”教学模式对高校艺术设计教育的启示——以视觉传达设计教学为例

“学-导多元互动”教学模式是依据相关教育理论、教育观念以及结合现代远程开放教育发展的要求和实践而形成的重在体现以人为本,真正做到“以学习者为中心”,为学习者提供多元的服务,满足学习者的学习需要和求知愿望,构建终身学习体系和学习型社会的教育思想的教学模式。文章以视觉传达设计教学为例,从“学-导多元互动”教学模式的内涵、教学效果及对高校艺术设计教育的启示三个方面加以阐述,希望对于高校艺术设计教育教学模式的改革起到一些借鉴作用。     

区域道路运输相对效率截面分析

随着区域路网的完善,其承载的道路运输业也呈现快速发展态势。在区域层面上,实现两者的良性互动,需要因地制宜,实现区域与运输业阶段性的协调决策,进而保证在全社会范围内对优化资源配置。这些分析的实现需要合适的评价方法对道路运输业投入要素与产出要素间的内在关系进行深入研究,并能对投入、产出要素进行量化控制。本文引入数据包络分析方法（Data Envelopment Analyses,简称DEA方法）,采用CCR模型（Charnes,Cooper and Rhodes Model）以各区域道路运输为决策单元;构筑各区域道路运输生产前沿面,评价各单元的相对效率,分析各要素投入的变动对产出的影响。     

路基工程质量问题的成因及处治措施

路基是公路的重要组成部分,是按照路线位置和一定技术要求修筑的带状构造物,承受由路面传来的荷载,应具有足够的强度、稳定性和耐久性。路基的强度与稳定性,受水、温度、土质等客观因素影响,同时也受行车荷载的作用,路基设计、施工方法及养护方法是否正确也制约着路基的质量。     

公路建设中的环境问题探讨

对公路建设环境保护作了比较深入地分析与探讨,总结归纳了公路施工环境保护工作的重点与措施。     

泡沫沥青冷再生基层力学性能的试验研究

对现场泡沫沥青冷再生基层的力学性能进行了研究,主要内容有根据泡沫沥青的性能指标确定了泡沫沥青的制备条件;根据国内对基层强度的要求和国外的规程,进行了无侧限抗压强度试验和间接抗拉劈裂强度试验,确定了最佳泡沫沥青用量,评价了泡沫沥青冷再生基层的力学性能。     

城市交通公平性分析及对策

城市道路的交通公平性有利于建设和谐、公平的城市,在交通公平的定义以及它的三层含义的基础上,陈述了交通公平在时间、空间和内容上的内涵。分析城市道路交通公平的影响因素及其判断标准,阐述了快速公交符合城市道路交通公平的判断标准是它有利于大多数人的出行,满足弱势群体的出行要求,并应具有低成本、高质量的优点。最后,以北京市BRT的实践表明快速公交是提高城市交通公平性的有效措施。     

农村公路沥青路面的破坏原因与预防措施

沥青路面是一种有良好柔性的结构物,已在公路与城市道路建设中得到了广泛的应用,不少沥青路面存在较严重的破坏。结合工程实践,从路面施工、路面设计、施工组织、管理、养护等方面分析导致沥青路面发生早期破坏的原因,并有针对性地提出工程防治措施,为农村公路沥青路面的建设与管理提供理论指导。