地下洞室群开挖过程的有限元模拟方法研究

针对开挖顺序和施工过程对地下洞室群稳定性的影响,探讨了地下洞室群开挖过程的有限元模拟方法。在重点解决有限元模拟开挖过程的关键技术问题(如释放荷载的计算和开挖模拟的有限元实施方法等)的基础上,结合某工程实例,并综合考虑施工条件,提出了合理的开挖顺序,具有一定的理论意义和工程实用价值。     

全液压推土机关键技术参数研究

研究了全液压推土机的关键技术参数———滑转率、效率、牵引比和比功率。通过分析牵引效率在滑转曲线上的配置,给出了全液压推土机的额定滑转率为12%～15%。从理论和试验两个方面深入分析了压力和排量对泵—马达系统效率的影响,得到了典型泵—马达效率的试验数据拟合公式。在对全液压推土机驱动系统的匹配目标设计时,除了满足扭矩和功率上的匹配要求外,还应考虑整机的效率。变量泵的变化范围最好控制在βp=0.4～1,变量马达的变化范围最好控制在βm=0.3～1,才能保证整机有较好的牵引性能。通过对典型全液压推土机的统计分析,确定牵引比均值为1.48,比功率为7.2kW/t,具体取值应该稍大于或等于该均值。     

新的发动机燃烧方式--均质充量压燃燃烧(HCCI)

在往复式发动机中，除了火花点燃式燃烧和柴油压燃燃烧的运转方式外还有第3种运转方式，即均质充量压燃燃烧（HCCI）．HCCI模式发动机的运转情况被认为是高效和稳定的。在部分负荷工况下可以大幅度降低NOx的排放．把HCCI燃烧应用到发动机方面尽管仍有一些困难．但HCCI燃烧方式表明在发动机应用的巨大替力，本文将阐述HCCI与传统发动机燃烧方式的不同及其未来的展望。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from ships in ports – Case studies in four continents

Emissions of GHG from the transport sector and how to reduce them are major challenges for policy makers. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships while in port based on annual data from Port of Gothenburg, Port of Long Beach, Port of Osaka and Sydney Ports. Port call statistics including IMO number, ship name, berth number and time spent at berth for each ship call, were provided by each participating port. The IMO numbers were used to match each port call to ship specifications from the IHS database Sea-web. All data were analysed with a model developed by the IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute for the purpose of quantifying GHG emissions (as CO₂-equivalent) from ships in the port area. Emissions from five operational modes are summed in order to account for ship operations in the different traffic areas. The model estimates total GHG emissions of 150,000, 240,000, 97,000, and 95,000 tonnes CO₂ equivalents per year for Gothenburg, Long Beach, Osaka, and Sydney, respectively. Four important emission-reduction measures are discussed: reduced speed in fairway channels, on-shore power supply, reduced turnaround time at berth and alternative fuels. It is argued that the potential to reduce emissions in a port area depends on how often a ship revisits a port: there it in general is easier to implement measures for high-frequent liners. Ships that call 10 times or less contribute significantly to emissions in all ports.     

模拟计算法在重型车辆燃油经济性标准中的应用研究

随着节能减排压力的日益严重,世界各国均开始制定重型车辆的燃油经济性标准。在对重型车燃油经济性的测量方面,模拟计算法由于操作简单、可重复性好、成本低的优点越来越受到行业的重视,在日本、中国和美国的标准中都得到了应用。本文在分析模拟计算法测量车辆燃油经济性的原理基础上,对比研究了日本、中国和美国标准中模拟计算法的应用情况,分析了各国在模拟计算法关键环节上策略的异同。     

An analysis of rail freight operational efficiency and mode share in the British port-hinterland container market

The growth in container shipping poses considerable challenges to efforts to reduce the negative externalities associated with freight transport. There are particular concerns about the impacts of the associated port-hinterland freight flows. Through empirical research, this paper examines trends in the operational efficiency of the British port-hinterland container rail freight market and to assess the impacts of any changes on the overall sustainability of this market. Original survey work conducted in 2007 and 2015 has allowed longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the characteristics of this market.The survey findings reveal that rail’s mode share of port container throughput (in TEU) has increased from 14.7% in 2007 to 16.6% in 2015 and it is likely that its share of the associated hinterland activity has also risen. Rail was carrying 25% more TEU by 2015 without an increase in train service provision. Increases in mean train capacity and mean load factor were observed, leading to growth in the mean train load from 44 TEU in 2007 to 55 TEU in 2015. This considerable improvement in operational efficiency is expected to have reduced the negative externalities per unit of transport activity associated with the rail-borne hinterland container flows, though scope is identified for further improvements in sustainability.     

Changes in fuel economy: An analysis of the Spanish car market

This paper estimates the role that technological change and car characteristics have played in the rate of fuel consumption of vehicles over time. Using data from the Spanish car market from 1988 to 2013, we estimate a reduced form equation that relates fuel consumption with a set of car characteristics. The results for the sales-weighted sample of vehicles show that energy efficiency would have improved by 30% and 42% for petrol and diesel cars respectively had car characteristics been held constant at 1988 values. However, the shift to bigger and more fuel-consuming cars reduced the gains from technological progress. Additionally, using the results of the fuel equation we show that, besides a natural growth rate of 1.1%, technological progress is affected by both the international price of oil and the adoption of mandatory emission standards. Moreover, according to our estimations, a 1% growth in GDP would modify car characteristics in such a way that fuel consumption would increase by around 0.23% for petrol cars and 0.35% for diesel cars.     

Influential vectors in fuel consumption by an urban bus operator: Bus route,driver behavior or vehicle type?

Energy costs account for an important share of the total costs of urban and suburban bus operators. The purpose of this paper is to expand empirical research on bus transit operation costs and identify the key factors that influence bus energy efficiency of the overall bus fleet of one operator and aid to the management of its resources.We estimate a set of multivariate regression models, using cross-section dataset of 488 bus drivers operating over 92 days in 2010, in 87 routes with different bus typologies, of a transit company operating in the Lisbon’s Metropolitan Area (LMA), Rodoviária de Lisboa, S.A.Our results confirm the existence of influential variables regarding energy efficiency and these are mainly: vehicle type, commercial speed, road grades over 5% and bus routes; and to a lesser extent driving events such as: sudden longitudinal decelerations and excessive engine rotation. The methodology proved to be useful for the bus operator as a decision-support tool for efficiency optimization purpose at the company level.     

桨-舵间距对其组合系统水动力性能的影响

本文通过CFD方法对敞水桨、桨-舵组合以及优化间距的桨-舵组合装置开展了数值仿真研究，分析了桨-舵间距对其组合系统的水动力性能影响。螺旋桨敞水工况的计算值与物理模型试验值吻合良好，验证了数值计算方法的可行性。通过对比桨-舵间距大于推荐值的三个工况，发现在较低进阶系数下系统的节能效率有稍许增加，然而随着间距的增大，节能效率呈现降低的趋势；在高进阶系数下，随间距增大节能效率逐步降低。适当减小桨-舵间距，在较低和中等进阶系数下，随间距减小节能效率呈现逐步升高的趋势，在间距减少10mm时，组合体的节能效率最大可增加1.937%；不过在高进阶系数下，随间距减小节能效率却有下降趋势。