某型发动机气门失效分析与改进

对失效气门的断口、硬度和金相组织以及与气门机构相关的零件进行了分析,结合气门的工作条件及生产与 装配工艺,将气门的主要失效形式归纳为七大类,并提出相应的改进措施,取得了明显的效果。     

辽宁省东部山区水毁原因及对策

就辽宁省东部山区水毁原因及对策进行了论述。     

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Without questioning the fact that to achieve efficiency emitters should pay for the true costs of their actions (a core principle of economic policies such as pollution taxes), we find sufficient evidence in the literature to demonstrate that many other policy instruments can be used in combination with taxes and permits to ensure that the transport needs of the present generation can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet any needs of their own.The policies and policy aspects considered in this paper broadly fall into three categories: physical policies, soft policies, and knowledge policies. All three aim to bring about changes in consumers’ and firms’ behaviour, but in different ways. The first category includes policies with a physical infrastructure element: public transport, land use, walking and cycling, road construction, and freight transport. We also consider the particular challenges for mobility in developing countries, and how these may be addressed. Soft policies, on the other hand, are non-tangible aiming to bring about behavioural change by informing actors about the consequences of their transport choices, and potentially persuading them to change their behaviour. These measures include car sharing and car pooling, teleworking and teleshopping, eco-driving, as well as general information and advertising campaigns. Finally, knowledge policies emphasise the important role of investment in research and development for a sustainable model of mobility for the future.The main findings can be summarised as follows.

Physical policies

An increase in the use of public transport, combined with a decrease in the use of private cars, can reduce traffic congestion and, more importantly, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, as public transport generally causes lower CO₂ emissions per passenger kilometre than private cars. Public transport fares are subsidised in most places, which can be justified by economies of scale and by the fact that public transport can reduce total road transport externalities. London, Singapore, Portland and Curitiba are all examples of good practice at government level, having achieved reliable, frequent and integrated public transport.Policies to increase public transport use must be part of an integrated policy. Integrated policy refers to integration across different modes of transport, different government objectives (such as the economy, health and the environment), considering the needs of different social groups, and coordinating action between the relevant government institutions. There is evidence that a lack of coordination can jeopardise the achievement of policy objectives.A sustainable model for transport policy also requires integration with land-use policies. These may be somewhat limited within the bounds of existing cities, but as cities grow and new cities are built, urban planners must put more emphasis on land use for sustainable transport in order to reduce congestion and CO₂ emissions. Sustainable land-use policy can direct urban development towards a form that allows public transport as well as walking and cycling to be at the core of urban mobility.Walking and cycling, which improve general health and produce no tailpipe emissions, constitute an excellent alternative to motorised transport on short-distance trips within towns and cities. The policies which can incentivise walking and cycling include crime reduction to make streets safer, well-maintained and clean pavements, attractive street furniture, safe crossings with shorter waiting times, dedicated cycle paths, showers in offices, and lower speed limits, to name but a few.Road construction and expansion used to be seen as one of the most promising ways to reduce traffic congestion. However, in the mid-1990s, the issue was reassessed and it was found that building and expanding roads, increased, rather than decreased, congestion, and ultimately induced higher levels of travel demand. The reason for this is that the extra capacity reduces the general cost of travelling and the less expensive the travel, the more it will be demanded. Regarding freight modal shift, road transport is much more polluting than rail per tonne-km of goods transported and therefore a shift towards greater use of rail in freight transport is desirable. Inadequate infrastructure is the main obstacle preventing this modal shift taking place.Developing countries face great mobility challenges: rural areas are often extremely poorly connected to transport infrastructure, such that, in contrast to the situation in developed countries, the benefits of road construction can strongly outweigh the total costs (including environmental ones). The main challenge, however, is to develop a solution to the problems arising from the combination of urbanisation and motorisation. Integration of transport and land-use policy will be key to rising to this challenge.

Soft policies

Car sharing and car clubs can also potentially reduce CO₂ emissions, although the aggregate reduction in congestion and emissions has not been measured with an adequate degree of precision in the literature. Teleworking and teleshopping can potentially reduce congestion and also CO₂ emissions. However, the evidence for this reduction is rather mixed, as it is unclear whether these measures lead to overall reductions in road transport.Eco-driving campaigns aim to inform and educate drivers in order to induce them to drive in a fuel-efficient and thus environmentally friendly way. There seems to be some consensus in the literature that eco-driving could lead to reductions in CO₂ emissions of around 10 per cent.Information and education policies have often been advocated as instruments which may affect behavioural change. We find in this paper that these types of measures are necessary, but not sufficient for behavioural change. Advertising and marketing may go a long way in changing peoples’ behaviour. In California, for example, Kahn (2007) finds the “Prius” effect: the Toyota Prius is preferred by consumers relative to other similarly green vehicles, probably due to extensive marketing and celebrity endorsements. Family life changes are also found to trigger changes in behaviour ( [Goodwin, 1989] and [106]). People whose lives are being changed by some important development (birth of a child, retirement, etc) tend to respond more to changes in the relative attractiveness of different transport modes. Advertising campaigns promoting a modal shift towards public transport, for instance, may thus be more successful if targeted at people in the process of important life transitions.

Knowledge policies

Research and Development is crucial for developing sustainable and low-carbon transport for the future, and it is essential that governments provide incentives to undertake R&D, so that new low-carbon technologies in the transport sector can be demonstrated and applied at a large scale.Finally, we consider the issue of policy combination and integration. There is evidence that the combination and integration of policies can lead to positive side-effects and synergies. Policy integration is crucial in order to rise to the challenges we face in moving towards a sustainable mobility model. We conclude that classical economic policies may be successfully combined with a number of policy measures discussed in this paper in order to achieve sustainability in transport.     

大型港区港内波浪条件分析研究

以某大型港区工程为实例,通过波浪整体物理模型试验,研究了通过防波堤口门传入港区的波浪条件,并采用数学模型模拟了港内局部小风区成浪的影响。并将两者的结果按照相关方法进行了合成和对比分析。结果表明,对于大型港区,港内局部小风区风成浪对港内码头设计波浪要素和码头泊稳条件都有一定的影响,这是大型港区设计时需要考虑的因素。同时还指出对于防波堤越浪的情况,应考虑越浪产生的堤后次生波对港内码头处波浪条件的影响。     

城市轨道交通车辆基地用地规划对综合开发绩效的影响

轨道交通车辆基地用地规划的选址和用地规模对综合开发的可行性和经济性影响显著。通过对车辆基地综合开发的建设周期、建设成本和开发强度分析,发现各个城市的落实程度和效果不一,整体出现综合利用比例低、综合绩效不理想等现象。以北京、南宁等城市为例,对典型车辆基地的规划布局和用地规模进行研究,车辆基地选址普遍位于非生活区,周边缺乏配套基础设施;用地规模受节地模式的影响,导致地块狭长、缺少腹地。研究结果表明在多样化的车辆基地用地程序下,重大项目和单独选址的用地模式导致车辆基地普遍采用节地模式,从而削弱综合利用结构转换层落地的可能性,缺少腹地限制了联合开发与综合平衡的可能性;由于在选址阶段考虑土地收储成本,导致位于城市边缘地区的车辆基地易受地价和周边开发成熟度的制约,影响综合利用率和上盖开发业态。基于此,对车辆基地在功能定位、选址标准、用地程序、规划编制等方面存在的缺失和错位提出改进建议。     

成灌快轨站区空间演变特征和规划建议

市域快轨是都市圈中长距离出行的重要支撑,其站区空间发展状态关乎轨道服务效率和都市圈空间效能的提升。通过对成灌快轨2010年开通至2021年的客流活动和站区土地利用时空变化特征进行分析,发现：近郊枢纽站客流增长和用地更新变化最快,新城站客流虽大但空间开发相对较慢;一般站中,距离都市中心10～25 km内的近郊站区用地增长相对较快,但物流和产业用地占比大的站区空间变化较不明显;站区空间演化有圈层内向递进、环状中部引领、扇面单侧填充、组团多向拓展的几种模式;影响站区空间发展的因素主要有站点区位、接驳换乘条件、站区类型和周边资源状况等。最后结合不同类型站区的客流需求特点和发展规律,提出枢纽站区、新城站区和一般站区的针对性规划建议。     

轨道交通站点地区空间网络 形态研究 ——基于广州 3 个地铁站域的比较分析

针对我国城市以公共交通为导向的开发(transit-oriented development,TOD)实施过程中出现的交通站点与 空间形态发展耦合不足、步行环境欠佳、功能适配性存疑等问题,以广州珠江新城、公园前和长寿路 3 个地铁站 点为例,借助空间句法比较分析站域空间网络的组构特性及其与站点布置、步行人流分布、建设强度及功能布局 等的关联,考察 TOD 模式下站域空间形态发展的特征及规律,并对存在的问题进行厘定。结果显示：珠江新城 站域街区网格化程度不足,站点与空间组构耦合互动不足;公园前站域街道网络可达性强,集聚人群活动效应明 显,但当前功能布局与空间组构存在不匹配现象;长寿路站域背景网络结构连续均匀,对步行交通出行有利,但 商业功能布局对小尺度组构所牵引的人流利用不足。因此,我国未来轨道交通站域建设应关注空间组构对人车流 的基础决定力量,提高交通站点、功能布局与空间网络形态之间的协同。     

基于Arcgis的圩区设计内涝水位计算

南京作为中国东部地区重要的中心城市,市域内地铁线路发达,尤其长江两岸圩区内站点分布较为密集。圩区内涝水位是影响地铁站点布置、设计及施工的重要因子。本文以南京地铁站点所在某圩区为例,将实测地形高程数据导入Arcgis进行三角网格差分处理,生成圩区的水位～调蓄量关系,再通过水文方法计算的内涝水量,查询水位～调蓄量关系,得出地铁设计标准下圩区内涝水位。提供一种内涝水位计算方法,为今后类似工作提供参考。     

基于洪涝统筹的山地丘陵城市排水防涝体系构建

针对山地丘陵城市内涝频发现象,以东南某山地丘陵城市为例,在区域内涝风险评估和排水防涝现状分析的基础上,基于洪涝统筹的思路,从江洪防御、山洪导排、源头减排、管网排放、蓄排并举、日常运维管理和超标应急系统的角度,构建流域防洪、内涝防治和超标应急的排水防涝体系。模拟结果表明,该方案实施后可有效消除区域积水和降低内涝风险。     

沥青路面损坏及再生养护材料的研究应用

该文分析了沥青路面损坏原因以及路面养护材料的现状,介绍了JBS-C渗透型沥青路面养护防水涂料的生产、机理、工艺和应用。