Marine Protected Area Costs as “Beneficial” Fisheries Subsidies: A Global Evaluation

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are now generally accepted as important tools in the protection of coastal biodiversity. It is also likely that they play a positive role in enhancing fisheries. Yet currently, less than 1% of the global oceans are protected, although international agreements have targets ranging from 10–30% coverage. Despite its minuscule size, we consider the current MPA “network” to be beneficial to fisheries, and its running or maintenance cost, therefore, to be a positive contribution to the sustainability of fisheries, or a “beneficial” subsidy (“harmful” subsidies enhance fishing capacity and effort). A method was derived from data in Balmford et al. (PNAS, 101: 9694–9697) to estimate the annual cost of maintaining MPAs as a function of their size, and of the degree of development of the country in question. We provide national costs of the 53 countries that jointly contribute 95% of global fisheries catch and, assuming that this type of subsidy, in a given country, cannot exceed 15% of the ex-vessel value of its fisheries catches, estimated a global MPA subsidy to fisheries of 870 million US$. Given that total subsidies to fisheries currently range from 30–34 billion US$ annually (without MPA costs), this amounts to only 2.5–2.8% of total subsidies to fisheries being devoted explicitly to the maintenance of the biodiversity that sustains them.     

Boundedly rational user equilibria (BRUE): Mathematical formulation and solution sets

Boundedly rational user equilibria (BRUE) represent traffic flow distribution patterns where travellers can take any route whose travel cost is within an ‘indifference band’ of the shortest path cost. Those traffic flow patterns satisfying the above condition constitute a set, named the BRUE solution set. It is important to obtain all the BRUE flow patterns, because it can help predict the variation of the link flow pattern in a traffic network under the boundedly rational behavior assumption. However, the methodology of constructing the BRUE set has been lacking in the established literature. This paper fills the gap by constructing the BRUE solution set on traffic networks with fixed demands. After defining ε-BRUE, where ε is the indifference band for the perceived travel cost, we formulate the ε-BRUE problem as a nonlinear complementarity problem (NCP), so that a BRUE solution can be obtained by solving a BRUE–NCP formulation. To obtain the BRUE solution set encompassing all BRUE flow patterns, we propose a methodology of generating acceptable path set which may be utilized under the boundedly rational behavior assumption. We show that with the increase of the indifference band, the acceptable path set that contains boundedly rational equilibrium flows will be augmented, and the critical values of indifference band to augment these path sets can be identified by solving a family of mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) sequentially. The BRUE solution set can then be obtained by assigning all traffic demands to the acceptable path set. Various numerical examples are given to illustrate our findings.     

A time‐staged multi‐objective network‐design model

A multi‐objective, time‐staged network‐design problem is formulated. Through transformation, the problem is decomposed into a set of single‐period, single‐objective problems. Lexicographic ordering is instrumental in effecting this transformation; it also allows a backward‐recursion algorithm to be applied using strong pruning criteria. Furthermore, monotonicity properties enable us to solve the problem using the familiar tree‐search algorithms. The solution method has several desirable properties — as shown by an example and a case study of Tripoli Province, Libya. First, the algorithm ensures continuity of project implementation over the multi time‐periods and provides optimality in later computational stages irrespective of the decision at an interim stage. Second, the algorithm tends to provide accessibility to unconnected regions in the study area at low user‐cost without employing weights to the two objective functions of accessibility and user‐cost efficiency. Such a property is deemed advantageous for suggesting transportation investments based purely on purchasing the greatest benefit for each dollar, with political neutrality strictly maintained.     

公路养护管理系统在公路养护工程造价管理体系中的定位研究

针对公路养护管理系统和养护工程造价管理系统在养护工程费用分析和经济分析等方面可能存在功能重合的问题,分析了网级养护管理系统和项目级养护管理系统的造价管理功能特点,并利用灰色关联度分析法进行了项目级养护管理系统与可行性研究之间的比较,从而明确了公路养护管理系统在公路养护工程造价管理体系中的功能定位。结果表明:项目级养护管理系统在大修工程、专项工程或改建工程时相当于项目建议书或初步可行性研究,具有初步估算和经济评价的功能,与它们的工程可行性研究功能不重合,而在中小修时则相当于概算的功能;网级公路养护管理系统则具备养护规划阶段的养护工程造价管理功能。     

浅谈基础设施项目工程造价全过程管理

分析了基础设施项目建设管理过程中存在的问题,阐明了对基础设施建设造价进行全过程管理的意义。运用工程项目造价全过程管理理论,即全生命周期造价管理理论,对基础设施项目建设造价进行全过程管理,并且详细分析了从项目的前期决策阶段到项目的实施阶段进行造价管理的方法。     

沪青平高速公路真空预压处理的工程造价分析

该文简要介绍了上海沪青平高速公路中段工程真空预压处理应用情况,分析了真空预压工艺各项费用构成及影响因素,总结了沪青平中段工程各桥头真空预压处理费用,提出了不同地质条件下真空预压处理的典型经济指标。     

设计施工招标投标与工程造价的控制

该文叙述了确保工程项目质量及控制工程投资的途径和手段。分别阐述了设计招标投标阶段和施工招标投标阶段对工程造价进行控制的着重点。     

带转向延误的非对称多模式用户平衡模型及算法

为了在网络建模中更精确地反映交通网络和出行行为的复杂特征,从多模式用户平衡原理出发,综合考虑多模式和转向延误因素以及不同模式、路段和转向之间的非对称作用,利用变分不等式理论建立了带转向延误的非对称多模式用户平衡模型,并在精简对角化算法的框架内设计了求解算法。该模型集成了交通网络的诸多特征,且能直接刻画转向延误与转向流量之间的互动关系,避免了传统扩展网络法的缺陷。算例表明:该模型及其算法对问题的描述与求解是有效的。     

公路货运企业生产成本分析

当前对运输成本的分析较为笼统,缺乏具体针对公路货运企业成本的分析。公路货运与其它运输方式货运相比成本有很大的区别。通过比较研究公路货运企业的短期成本和长期成本的性质,得出了公路货运企业成本的弱垄断性。并采用超越对数成本函数对成本进行分析,根据超越对数成本函数的性质验证了公路货运企业的规模效应。     

桥梁维修加固中粘贴钢板的造价分析

粘贴钢板是目前广西桥梁维修加同中的常用方法,此方法能充分利用旧桥,降低工程造价,并能尽快恢复通行。文章通过对粘贴钢板的工、料、机、价格构成分析,探讨如何编制补充定额计算粘贴钢板的造价。