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71.
Zhibin Li Wei WangPan Liu David R. Ragland 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2012,17(3):256-261
This study investigates the impacts of physical environments on bicyclists’ perceptions of comfort on separated and on-street bicycle facilities. Based on a field investigation conducted in Nanjing, China, we find that physical environmental factors significantly influencing bicyclists’ perception of comfort on the two types of facility. Cyclists’ comfort is mainly influenced by the road geometry and surrounding conditions on physically separated paths while they pay attention to the effective riding space and traffic situations on on-street bicycle lanes. 相似文献
72.
为更准确地计算矩形顶管隧道施工所需顶推力,揭示小间距顶管隧道群施工中后背土体在顶推力多次叠加作用扰动后的变化情况。首先,基于现有顶管顶推力相关计算公式推导出适用于矩形顶管的顶推力计算公式。然后,整理分析某顶管隧道群工程施工中后背土体水平位移、土压力实测数据,论证矩形顶管顶推力计算公式的正确性与合理性,得到后背土体受顶推力作用产生的水平位移是以隧道中心处为最大值的弓形分布、土体在顶推力二次作用下会产生更为显著的变化且存在残余应力现象等结论。最后,采用统计方法对顶推压力与后背土体水平位移、土压力之间的数据进行处理,取得后背土在顶推压力作用下产生水平位移与土压力的经验公式。 相似文献
73.
Efficient port services are prerequisites for competitive and sustainable maritime transports. This paper makes advances in studying the determinants of the time that ships spend in port and the associated emissions to air. We estimate a production model for cargo handling based on a unique dataset containing each port of call at the largest container terminals in Norway in 2014. In turn, we use auxiliary engine emission factors to estimate particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emissions from ships at berth, to determine how the corresponding damage costs of air pollution vary with container throughput, location, and terminal investments. We find that Norwegian container terminals operate under increasing returns to density. Small ships that unload few containers are far from reaping economies of density, leading to high marginal time requirements for container handling and consequently high marginal external costs. From a Pigouvian taxation perspective, port charges should therefore be regressive in the number of containers handled. Moreover, we find that the external costs of maritime transports are severely understated when port operations are ignored. Our model allows determining the marginal productivities of port facilities. Thereby, it is instrumental in designing port charges that are diversified according to the quantity of containers handled and the service quality (i.e., the speed of handling operations). Regarding contextual factors, we find that establishing high-frequent liner services improves the ship working rate, while simultaneous calls at a terminal impede productivity. The type of container (loading/unloading; empty/laden) also appears to influence the duration of ship working. 相似文献
74.
Municipalities play an important role in the planning and development of communities that support active transportation (AT), which refers to human-powered modes of travel, such as walking and cycling. Municipal-level stakeholders involved in land-use and transportation infrastructure planning consider multiple social, environmental and economic considerations to inform decision-making and investments in AT. Evidence around the fiscal benefits of AT investment for local governments has not been systematically identified. This scoping review sought to explore the existing evidence regarding investments in AT and opportunities for savings on municipal expenditures and revenue generation. In total, 7060 records were located and screened; of which 162 full-text articles were reviewed. Ultimately, 23 articles met our inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The available evidence focuses on potential economic benefits of AT in the areas of tax revenues, property values, consumer spending and employment, all of which are relevant sources of revenue generation in municipal operating budgets. An evidence gap was identified regarding AT infrastructure investments and benefits corresponding to municipal expenditures (e.g. maintenance cost savings). Notably, a large portion of literature was published after 2009, suggesting that municipal-level evidence on the fiscal benefits of AT investments may just be emerging. 相似文献
75.
Historic vehicles (HVs) are the heritage of road transport that have surprisingly received little attention in the academic literature. This study presents an overview of the literature on HVs, focusing on the three topics that dominate the policy debate on transport: environmental, safety and congestion impacts. We observed that polluting emissions of HVs are per kilometre much higher (often a factor 5 or more) than those of moderns vehicles. The annual average mileage per vehicle per year of HVs is much lower than other vehicles. The lower active and passive safety levels of HVs are compensated by the way these vehicles are driven, resulting in the risk factors per kilometre being roughly equal or lower than other vehicles. The contribution of HVs to congestion is negligible. However, the transport policy discourse is divided on the topic of HVs. More comprehensive and effective laws and regulation are needed to protect this aspect of the heritage of road transport whilst concurrently avoiding or limiting the problems caused by them. 相似文献
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针对航道治理建设规划环境影响识别及指标体系建立问题,对长江干线"十三五"航道治理建设规划环境影响评价成果进行分析研究,采用系统分析、生态因子识别、生态影响判别等方法,得出规划要素与资源、环境要素之间的关系,并结合环境目标提出评价指标体系,可为航道规划环境影响评价提供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
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为了实现恶劣条件下对扭矩的精确稳定测量,设计并实现了一种新型的基于光纤光栅的扭矩传感器。为克服扭矩测量系统易受外界影响的缺点,设计了光纤光栅全桥光路,实现了温度和弯矩的自动补偿。通过扭矩标准装置加载试验和水下环境加载试验分别测试了其测量精确度以及水下工作性能。结果表明,该光纤光栅扭矩传感器的最大非线性误差、重复性以及水下工作稳定性均达到0.1%以内,说明该传感器不但具有良好的测量精度,而且能够在船用环境等恶劣扭矩测量条件下较好地工作。研究结果为船用环境中扭矩测量的研究与应用提供了重要参考。 相似文献