Mobile phone use while driving: public opinions on restrictions

This paper reviews two road-user surveys on the use of mobile phones on the road in Finland where the mobile phone ownership rate is highest in the world (70% in August 2000). From 1998 to 1999 the proportion of drivers that chose to use a mobile phone while driving rose from 56% to 68%, while the proportion of phone using drivers who experienced dangerous situations due to phone use rose from 44% to 50%. The proportion of drivers who used their phones in some way to benefit safety on the road remained at about 55%. The youngest, novice drivers had the highest level of phone usage of all age categories. Over 48% of the interviewees believed that the government should ban the use of hand-held mobile phones while driving, and another 27% believed that all types of mobile phone use should be banned while driving. Those drivers who used their phones the most each day were more likely to want some form of restrictions, than those who had lower usage. This is a strong message to the elected lawmakers and raises the problem of exactly how regulatory bodies would go about controlling the future growth of new driver support and non-driving related communication devices in road vehicles. It was concluded that legislating for hands-free use only would be a reasonable course of action. Mandating that the current generation of equipment should be optimized for hands-free use should result in future generations of in-vehicle equipment also being optimized for hands-free use as a minimum criterion.     

交通大数据视角看广佛同城

广佛同城发展由来已久,是中国城市群中同城化程度最高的区域。简要分析广佛同城的交通基础设施发展演变历程,并基于模糊大数据(手机信令数据)和准确大数据(运行监测数据)对广佛通勤交通特征进行分析。结合手机信令数据对广州南站的客流组成及空间分布进行研究,对广州南站选址偏远问题进行解析。结果表明:广佛同城具有双向对等性的联系;地铁在同城化推进过程中起到重要的促进作用,拓展同城化活动范围;广州市机动车交通需求管理政策不够系统,非广佛车牌在通勤小汽车中比例超过40%,需要引起足够的关注;广州南站服务的客流中广州客流与佛山客流比为7:3,与对应的常住人口规模比例相当,初步实现了交通战略规划提出的共享理念。     

Modeling the interactions between car and bicycle in heterogeneous traffic

In this paper, a new cellular automata model is proposed to simulate the car and bicycle heterogeneous traffic on urban road. To capture the complex interactions between these two types of vehicles, a novel occupancy rule is adopted in the proposed model to consider the variable lateral distances of mixed vehicular traffic. Based on massive simulations, microscopic fundamental diagrams under different bicycle densities are devised. With these, the bicycle's spilling behavior is then investigated and discussed. In order to reflect the interference of a bicycle on a car, the interference transformation from friction state to block state is modeled explicitly. Finally, different simulation results under different occupancy rules indicate that the constant and fixed occupancy rule adopted in the previous studies might lead to overestimation of car flux in the heterogeneous traffic flows with different bicycle densities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An improved cellular automaton with axis information for microscopic traffic simulation

Cellular Automaton (CA), an efficient dynamic modeling method that is widely used in traffic engineering, is newly introduced for traffic load modeling. This modeling method significantly addresses the modest traffic loads for long-span bridges. It does, however, require improvement to calculate precise load effects. This paper proposed an improved cellular automaton with axis information, defined as the Multi-axle Single-cell Cellular Automaton (MSCA), for the precise micro-simulation of random traffic loads on bridges. Four main ingredients of lattice, cells’ states, neighborhoods and transition rules are redefined in MSCA to generate microscopic vehicle sequences with detailed vehicle axle positions, user-defined cell sizes and time steps. The simulation methodology of MSCA is then proposed. Finally, MSCA is carefully calibrated and validated using site-specific WIM data. The results indicate: (1) the relative errors (REs) for the traffic parameters, such as volumes, speeds, weights, and headways, from MSCA are basically no more than ±10% of those of WIM data; (2) the load effects of three typical influence lines (ILs) with varied lengths of 50, 200 and 1000 m are also confidently comparable, both of which validate the rationality and precision of MSCA. Furthermore, the accurate vehicle parameters and gaps generated from MSCA can be applied not only for precise traffic loading on infrastructures but also for the accurate estimation of vehicle dynamics and safety. Hence, wide application of MSCA can potentially be expected.     

城市路网交通流元胞自动机模型研究

研究城市路网交通流的动态特性,揭示交通拥堵、环境污染和交通事故的产生原因和规律,能为城市交通问题的解决提供理论依据.元胞自动机模型是研究城市路网交通流动态特性的一个有效工具,能够再现许多重要的交通流特征.从路段模型、交叉口模型和路网模型3个方面总结和评述了国内外各种典型交通流元胞自动机模型.在现有模型的基础上,通过对车辆起讫点分布、路径选择行为、双向通行多车道路段车辆换道规则、不同控制交叉口的车辆更新规则以及网络拓扑结构等方面进行改进,可以提高元胞自动机模型在城市路网交通流仿真中的真实性.     

基于元胞自动机的动态路段走行时间计算模型

为建立合理的动态交通网络中路段走行时间模型,分析了动态路段走行时间函数的一般形式,对比国内外常用的几种离散型动态路段走行时间函数,基于元胞自动机交通流模型,建立了动态路段走行时间模型。模型可以根据实际路段驶入率、驶出率,推算出任意时刻进入路段车辆的走行时间,并利用M atlab对模型进行求解和数值分析。结果表明,车辆进入路段后的交通状态是动态路段走行时间的主要影响因素;根据累积驶入驶出车辆数曲线可以直接求出动态路段走行时间,能够为动态交通网络中路径走行时间求解奠定基础。      

一种考虑吸引型异常事件的行人元胞自动机模型

鉴于目前行人元胞自动机仿真研究中对于吸引型异常事件情况下模型的缺失,本文提出了一种特殊的考虑吸引型异常事件的行人元胞自动机模型.当异常事件发生后,模型将行人分为漠视、驻足、围观和围观离开四种类型.漠视类型指对异常事件毫无兴趣,不受异常事件影响的行人,其动力特性与行人在正常情况下的动力特性一致;驻足类型指对异常事件较有兴趣,驻足观看的行人,其动力特性由能使行人在原地停留的驻足效用值决定;围观类型指对异常事件极有兴趣,向异常事件中心靠近围观的行人,其动力特性由围观效用决定;围观离开类型指对异常事件失去兴趣,从围观人群离开的行人,其动力特性由围观离开效用决定.仿真效果显示,该模型基本可反映行人聚集围观的表征和内部特性.     

基于模拟退火算法的快速登机序列特性研究

合理组织乘客的登机过程可以有效地缩短登机时间,从而降低航空公司和机场管理者的运营及管理成本.首先,在分析造成登机时间延误各种因素的基础上,建立了能够反映乘客登机特征的元胞自动机仿真模型.其次,将该登机仿真模型嵌入到模拟退火算法中,求解出具有最小登机时间的乘客登机序列.最后,通过分析优化序列中的相关特性,可以看出：过道干扰是造成登机延误的主要因素,只有当座位干扰演变为过道干扰后才会对整体的登机时间产生影响;此外,最优序列中相邻登机乘客间的座位距离会随着人均存放行李时间的变化表现出不同的数值分布.     

肿瘤免疫研究的回顾与展望

20多年来,本校免疫病理研究室一直从事肿瘤免疫的研究,从研究肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞的活化和肿瘤逃逸的机制开始,到探索诱导浸润淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, TIL)活化的最佳条件,并将这些研究结果转化为肿瘤免疫治疗和免疫预防的实践,从一个侧面反映了人类在征服肿瘤道路上的艰苦历程。     

基于细胞自动机方法的车行运动模型及信号灯控制策略研究

采用细胞自动机方法研究了在单向道路上行驶的2辆不同性能(加速度能力、最大速度等)车辆的运动状态和相互关系,以及性能参数对行驶状态的影响.讨论了在设置路口和信号灯的情况下,不同信号灯控制策略(信号灯的时间周期及绿信比)对车辆运动状态的影响.细胞自动机方法通过JAVA编程进行数值模拟,得到车辆行驶时间-位置之间的关系,结果与预期相同.该模型退化为匀速运动状态情形时,所得结果与近期文献的结果相一致,也证明了文中所用方法的可靠性和合理性.