高速列车隧道交会压力波特性

采用基于有限体积方法的计算流体力学软件, 建立了列车几何模型和非定常可压缩湍流的三维流动模型, 对高速列车隧道内等速和不等速交会的全过程进行了数值模拟。在软件的任意滑移界面动网格技术中嵌入了列车光滑启动方法, 研究了列车交会过程中隧道断面的压力波动、流速变化和压力波的形成过程。研究结果表明: 基于三维流动模型的计算结果能够清晰地展示高速列车隧道内交会时的压力场与速度场变化情况, 同一隧道横截面上各点的压力波动趋势与断面压力均值的波动趋势虽然一致, 但不同测点的压力差异较大, 最大可达53.5%;等速交会时隧道中央的交会压力变化幅值最大, 负压峰值达到约-7kPa; 不等速交会时高速列车车体正压峰值与负压峰值均随低速列车速度的减小而减小, 而低速列车比高速列车的正压峰值大约1.5kPa; 两列车鼻尖交会处的隧道断面压力波负压峰值与低速列车速度的二次方近似成正比。     

三类勘察场地地裂缝活动对地铁隧道的影响

以地铁隧道穿越西安三类勘察场地的地裂缝为研究原型, 分析了地裂缝的发育特征; 运用数值模拟方法, 研究了三类场地地裂缝不同活动量值引起的地层应力场、破坏区域和位移场的变化特征, 计算了地裂缝的影响区域范围, 解析了地裂缝带活动对地铁隧道结构产生的破坏特征, 并提出了相应的工程对策。研究结果表明: 地裂缝活动造成其两侧地层的竖向应力呈近似反对称的分布形态, 地层应力的变化增量随上盘沉降的增加而增大; 通过综合分析位于地铁隧道拱顶和拱底埋深处地层的竖向应力变化特征, 得到三类场地地裂缝上盘和下盘的主要影响范围分别为0~20m和0~15m, 经对比验证, 与物理模型试验结果一致; 下盘靠近地裂缝的区域发生剪切破坏, 且破裂逐渐向上扩展, 最终形成一条与地裂缝呈18°夹角的剪切破坏包线, 其中间包含的范围为剪切破坏的集中区域; 地裂缝活动导致两侧土体发生位移突变, 形成2个类似“活动楔体”的变形区域, 且该区域范围逐渐扩大; 上、下盘隧道的差异沉降随着地裂缝错动量的增加而增大, 当地裂缝活动量达到20cm时, 造成整体式地铁隧道呈“S”破坏形态; 为适应三类场地地裂缝活动引起的大变形, 建议地铁隧道结构采用分段设置特殊变形缝加柔性接头处理等措施进行设防。     

移除单元法中单元失效应变的确定

针对移除单元法数值模拟裂纹板拉伸断裂的过程,研究单元失效应变的选取方法及影响因素。采用MSC.Dytran有限元软件进行数值计算,分别以试验获得的载荷极值、最大伸长量和能量为依据,分析网格尺寸对单元失效应变的影响,讨论3种准则的失效应变计算结果与试验间的误差。结果表明：能量准则的失效应变综合考虑了裂纹板拉伸过程中载荷与位移这两个因素,计算结果能较好地反映裂纹板的力学特性;最大伸长量准则的失效应变计算载荷极值略高于试验值,适用于优先考虑裂纹板伸长位移的数值计算;载荷极值准则的失效应变计算结果偏差较大,难以全面反映裂纹板拉伸断裂的力学特性。结果显示,移除单元法适于模拟大型结构物的破坏过程。     

城市道路指路标志文字信息的布置

过多的信息使城市道路指路标志尺寸较大,设置与维护成本增加,有必要研究指路标志信息布置方法。通过室内仿真试验,比较了高信息量条件下,驾驶人对两种指路标志信息布设方式认知时间的差异。利用现场试验,研究指路标志字间距、行间距与视认距离的关系。结果表明,高信息量条件下采用两块标志显示信息有利于驾驶人阅读,建议字间距为汉字高度的1／10,行间距为汉字高度的1／5。     

高速列车轮轨参数对车轮踏面磨耗的影响

建立了高速列车多体动力学仿真模型和车轮踏面磨耗计算模型, 通过动力学模拟计算了轮轨接触关系和接触力, 用FASTSIM重新计算轮轨接触斑内的滑动速度、轮轨切向力和摩擦功率的分布, 采用基于摩擦功的轮轨磨耗模型计算了车轮滚过一圈时踏面上一个接触斑的磨耗质量, 再通过累积得到运行一定距离后的踏面磨耗深度。采用数值仿真方法研究了不同车轮踏面外形、轮对内侧距、轨底坡和车速对踏面磨耗深度和磨耗分布的影响。计算结果表明: LMA和S1002踏面的磨耗分布比较均匀, LM踏面的磨耗深度最大, LM和XP55踏面的磨耗区域更靠近轮缘; 在LMA踏面标准轮轨匹配参数下, 轮对内侧距增加会增加磨耗, 磨耗深度随着轨底坡减小而增大; 高速列车车轮踏面磨耗与等效锥度密切相关, 较小的等效锥度会减小磨耗, 但等效锥度的选择需要兼顾动力学性能的其他方面。     

发动机泄漏辅助制动数值模拟

为了研究发动机泄漏辅助制动系统的工作过程, 应用计算流体力学软件Fluent建立了发动机泄漏辅助制动系统的数值模拟计算模型, 利用压力曲线对模型进行了验证, 计算了发动机泄漏制动时的缸内压力和流场分布情况。发现: 发动机泄漏辅助制动系统工作时, 排气门预开间隙大, 则缸内所能达到的压力峰值小, 得到的制动功率小。在压缩过程开始阶段与膨胀过程中, 出现了气体由排气道倒流入气缸中的现象, 且转速低, 排气门开度大时, 倒流现象出现得早。分析结果表明: 适当选择排气门预开间隙, 可以提高发动机泄漏辅助制动系统的制动功率。     

Large-scale dynamic transportation network simulation: A space-time-event parallel computing approach

This paper describes a computationally efficient parallel-computing framework for mesoscopic transportation simulation on large-scale networks. By introducing an overall data structure for mesoscopic dynamic transportation simulation, we discuss a set of implementation issues for enabling flexible parallel computing on a multi-core shared memory architecture. First, we embed an event-based simulation logic to implement a simplified kinematic wave model and reduce simulation overhead. Second, we present a space-time-event computing framework to decompose simulation steps to reduce communication overhead in parallel execution and an OpenMP-based space-time-processor implementation method that is used to automate task partition tasks. According to the spatial and temporal attributes, various types of simulation events are mapped to independent logical processes that can concurrently execute their procedures while maintaining good load balance. We propose a synchronous space-parallel simulation strategy to dynamically assign the logical processes to different threads. The proposed method is then applied to simulate large-scale, real-world networks to examine the computational efficiency under different numbers of CPU threads. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the implemented parallel computing algorithm can significantly improve the computational efficiency and it can reach up to a speedup of 10 on a workstation with 32 computing threads.     

A two-dimensional simulation model for modelling turning vehicles at mixed-flow intersections

The turning behavior is one of the most challenging driving maneuvers under non-protected phase at mixed-flow intersections. Currently, one-dimensional simulation models focus on car-following and gap-acceptance behaviors in pre-defined lanes with few lane-changing behaviors, and they cannot model the lateral and longitudinal behaviors simultaneously, which has limitation in representing the realistic turning behavior. This paper proposes a three-layered “plan-decision-action” (PDA) framework to obtain acceleration and angular velocity in the turning process. The plan layer firstly calculates the two-dimensional optimal path and dynamically adjusts the trajectories according to interacting objects. The decision layer then uses the decision tree method to select a suitable behavior in three alternatives: car-following, turning and yielding. Finally, in the action layer, a set of corresponding operational models specify the decided behavior into control parameters. The proposed model is tested by reproducing 210 trajectories of left-turn vehicles at a two-phase mixed-flow intersection in Shanghai. As a result, the simulation reproduces the variation of trajectories, while the coverage rate of the trajectories is 88.8%. Meanwhile, both the travel time and post-encroachment time of simulation and empirical turning vehicles are similar and do not show statistically significant difference.     

Distributed MPC for cooperative highway driving and energy-economy validation via microscopic simulations

Traffic congestion and energy issues have set a high bar for current ground transportation systems. With advances in vehicular communication technologies, collaborations of connected vehicles have becoming a fundamental block to build automated highway transportation systems of high efficiency. This paper presents a distributed optimal control scheme that takes into account macroscopic traffic management and microscopic vehicle dynamics to achieve efficiently cooperative highway driving. Critical traffic information beyond the scope of human perception is obtained from connected vehicles downstream to establish necessary traffic management mitigating congestion. With backpropagating traffic management advice, a connected vehicle having an adjustment intention exchanges control-oriented information with immediately connected neighbors to establish potential cooperation consensus, and to generate cooperative control actions. To achieve this goal, a distributed model predictive control (DMPC) scheme is developed accounting for driving safety and efficiency. By coupling the states of collaborators in the optimization index, connected vehicles achieve fundamental highway maneuvers cooperatively and optimally. The performance of the distributed control scheme and the energy-saving potential of conducting such cooperation are tested in a mixed highway traffic environment by the means of microscopic simulations.     

Traffic and emissions impact of congestion charging in the central Beijing urban area: A simulation analysis

Congestion charging is being considered as a potential measure to address the issue of substantially increased traffic congestion and vehicle emissions in Beijing. This study assessed the impact of congestion charging on traffic and emissions in Beijing using macroscopic traffic simulation and vehicle emissions calculation. Multiple testing scenarios were developed with assumptions in different charging zone sizes, public transit service levels and charging methods. Our analysis results showed that congestion charging in Beijing may increase public transit use by approximately 13%, potentially reduce CO and HC emissions by 60–70%, and reduce NOx emissions by 35–45% within the charging zone. However, congestion charging may also result in increased travel activities and emissions outside of the charging zone and a slight increase in emissions for the entire urban area. The size of charging zone, charging method, and charging rate are key factors that directly influence the impact of congestion charging; improved public transit service needs to be considered as a complementary approach with congestion charging. This study is used by Beijing Transportation Environment and Energy Center (BTEC) as reference to support the development of Beijing’s congestion charging policy and regulation.