Modeling the information flow propagation wave under vehicle-to-vehicle communications

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications under the connected vehicle context have the potential to provide new paradigms to enhance the safety, mobility and environmental sustainability of surface transportation. Understanding the information propagation characteristics in space and time is a key enabler for V2V-based traffic systems. Most existing analytical models assume instantaneous propagation of information flow through multi-hop communications. Such an assumption ignores the spatiotemporal relationships between the traffic flow dynamics and V2V communication constraints. This study proposes a macroscopic two-layer model to characterize the information flow propagation wave (IFPW). The traffic flow propagation is formulated in the lower layer as a system of partial differential equations based on the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards model. Due to their conceptual similarities, the upper layer adapts and modifies a spatial Susceptible-Infected epidemic model to describe information dissemination between V2V-equipped vehicles using integro-differential equations. A closed-form solution is derived for the IFPW speed under homogeneous conditions. The IFPW speed is numerically determined for heterogeneous conditions. Numerical experiments illustrate the impact of traffic density and market penetration of V2V-equipped vehicles on the IFPW speed. The proposed model can capture the spatiotemporal relationships between the traffic and V2V communication layers, and aid in the design of novel information propagation strategies to manage traffic conditions under V2V-based traffic systems.     

Impacts of an emission based private car taxation policy - First year ex-post analysis

This paper assesses the impacts of a targeted policy designed to influence car purchasing trends towards lower CO₂ emitting vehicles. Vehicle registration tax and annual motor tax rates in Ireland changed in July 2008 from being based on engine size to emissions performance of cars. This paper provides a one year ex-post analysis of the first year of the tax change, tracking the change in purchasing trends arising from the measure related to specific CO₂ emissions, engine size and fuel, and the implications for car prices, CO₂ emissions abatement, and revenue gathered. While engine efficiency improvements had been offset by purchasing trends towards larger and generally less efficient cars in the past, with the average MJ/km remaining constant from 2000 to 2007, this analysis shows that in the first year of the new taxation system the average specific emissions of new cars fell by 13% to 145 g/km. This was brought about, not by a reduction in engine size, but rather through a significant shift to diesel cars. Despite an unexpected reduction in car sales due to a recession in 2008, the policy measure has had a larger than anticipated impact on CO₂ emissions, calculated to be 5.9 ktCO₂ in the first year of the measure. The strong price signal did however result in a 33% reduction in tax revenue from VRT, in financial terms amounting to a drop of €166 million compared to a baseline situation.     

Well-to-wheel analysis for electric, diesel and hydrogen traction for railways

This paper derives the energy efficiencies and CO₂ emissions for electric, diesel and hydrogen traction for railway vehicles on a well-to-wheel basis, using the low heating value and high heating value of the enthalpy of oxidation of the fuel. The tank-to-wheel and well-to-tank efficiency are determined. Gaseous hydrogen has a WTW efficiency of 25% low heating value, if produced from methane and used in a fuel cell. This efficiency is similar to diesel and electric traction in the UK, US, and California. A reduction of about 19% in CO₂ is achieved when hydrogen gas is used in a fuel cell compared to diesel traction, and a 3% reduction compared to US electricity.     

城轨变电站接线方式及高可靠性费用比较

根据西安地铁2号线向城市供电部门缴纳的费用,论述高可靠性供电费用收取的依据、标准。通过分析比较,说明在变电站的建设投资中,不仅要考虑电气设备的投资,还要考虑像高可靠性供电费用这样的隐性投资;在设计变电站的接线方式时,要根据城市电网的特点,结合电力部门的意见,选择安全可靠、投资经济的接线方式。     

北京地铁超速防护设备的校时系统

北京地铁2号线超速防护设备(ATP)的本地时钟一直依靠人员进行设定,导致各列车之间时间不统一且误差很大,对行车调度、故障诊断等方面有很大影响.为此,开发基于无线通信的地车校时系统,利用全球定位系统(GPS)的标准时间,自动为车载设备提供精确的统一时间,实现地铁列车时钟的协调一致,提高运营的安全性和可靠性.     

汽车传动轴CO_2气体保护焊接工艺研究

在对B480QZR和40Cr两种不同钢材的焊接性能分析的基础上,研究和制定了B480QZR+40Cr异种钢焊接接头的工艺方案,通过采用CO2气体保护焊的焊接实践,或得了较好的焊接接头质量,满足了传动轴产品的设计和使用要求。     

中国农业类上市企业运行效率的DEA分析

本文运用数据包络分析方法对我国12家农业类上市企业的运行效率进行评价,测算了各个农业企业的综合技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率状况。研究表明：我国农业类上市企业总体效率偏低,两级分化严重,纯技术效率基本有效,规模效率较低,投入不足。     

实验性大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎合并肺损伤TXB_2/PGF_(1α)平衡的变化

采用胰腺被膜下注射5％牛磺胆酸钠复制急性坏死性胰腺炎合并肺损伤模型。用放射免疫方法测定血浆和肺组织的TXB2（ThromboxaneB2）、6-Keto－PGF1α（6-Ke－to－prostagland1α）水平。结果显示：随着肺损伤程度加重，血浆和肺组织的TXB2（血栓素B2）值明显升高，6-Keto－PGF1α（6-酮-前列环素1α）变化不明显，TXB2／6-Keto－PGF1α比值显著升高，表明TXB2／6-Keto－PGF1α平衡的改变可能是急性坏死性胰腺炎并发肺损伤的主要作用机制之一。     

插值滤波器在单站外辐射源无源定位中的应用

把一种基于stirling内插公式的插值滤波器（DDF），应用于单站外辐射源无源定位中的非线性滤波问题。与传统扩展kalman滤波（EKF）相比，插值滤波器避免了非线性方程泰勒展开求解的过程，同时实现复杂性和计算量都很小。计算机仿真表明，一阶插值滤波（DD1）滤波精度相当EKF，而二阶插值滤波（DD2）滤波精度接近甚至略优于无轨迹kalman滤波（UKF）。     

基于目标和模式的软件体系结构设计

为了处理动态需求和实现需求到设计的映射,本文提出基于目标和模式的体系结构设计过程,实现了需求到设计的过渡,并提出目标层次和元素层次,实现了需求的可跟踪。最后针对缺陷和测试用例管理等方面的计算机辅助工具的设计给出了基于J2EE模式的体系结构设计的一个实例。