Validating and improving public transport origin–destination estimation algorithm using smart card fare data

Smart card data are increasingly used for transit network planning, passengers’ behaviour analysis and network demand forecasting. Public transport origin–destination (O–D) estimation is a significant product of processing smart card data. In recent years, various O–D estimation methods using the trip-chaining approach have attracted much attention from both researchers and practitioners. However, the validity of these estimation methods has not been extensively investigated. This is mainly because these datasets usually lack data about passengers’ alighting, as passengers are often required to tap their smart cards only when boarding a public transport service. Thus, this paper has two main objectives. First, the paper reports on the implementation and validation of the existing O–D estimation method using the unique smart card dataset of the South-East Queensland public transport network which includes data on both boarding stops and alighting stops. Second, the paper improves the O–D estimation algorithm and empirically examines these improvements, relying on this unique dataset. The evaluation of the last destination assumption of the trip-chaining method shows a significant negative impact on the matching results of the differences between actual boarding/alighting times and the public transport schedules. The proposed changes to the algorithm improve the average distance between the actual and estimated alighting stops, as this distance is reduced from 806 m using the original algorithm to 530 m after applying the suggested improvements.     

Congestion tolling in the bottleneck model with heterogeneous values of time

When analysing the effects of transport policies it is important to adequately control for heterogeneity: previous studies note that ignoring heterogeneity biases the estimated welfare effects of tolling. This paper examines the effects of tolling, in a bottleneck model, with a continuously distributed value of time. With homogeneous users, first-best public tolling has no effect on prices. With heterogeneity it does: low values of time lose, and high values of time gain. The average congestion externality decreases with the heterogeneity in the value of time. Consequently, the welfare gain of first-best tolling also decreases. The more heterogeneous the value of time is, the lower the relative efficiency of a public pay-lane. This finding contrasts with the previous literature. Earlier studies, using static flow congestion, conclude that the relative efficiency increases with this type of heterogeneity. With more heterogeneity in the value of time, the relative efficiency of a private pay-lane is also lower, while that of a public time-invariant toll is higher. Our results suggest that the welfare gains of different tolling schemes are affected differently by heterogeneity. Further, the impact of heterogeneity on the effects of a policy also depends on the type of congestion considered.     

机械复合管在海底管道中的应用

原油、湿气含有CO2或H2S是造成海底管道内腐蚀失效的主要原因之一。机械复合管作为一种新型管材,可以有效解决CO2或H2S造成的内腐蚀问题,在国际上得到了广泛应用,但其在国内油气田开发海底管道中,尚无应用先例。文中介绍了机械复合管的制造原理、设计制造规范、用作海底管道的技术要求、海上安装技术特点以及应用前景。文中研究了机械复合管在海底管道中应用对设计制造和安装技术的要求,以推动其在国内油气田开发海底管道中的应用。     

基于FLAC~(2D)的膨胀土边坡稳定性影响因素分析

膨胀土滑坡问题在工程建设领域出现的越来越多,准确地了解膨胀土土体各项参数对其稳定性有何影响显得尤为重要。以宿州至扬州高速公路天长段膨胀土边坡实例为计算模型,利用正交试验探讨了边坡土体天然密度、粘聚力、内摩擦角、弹性模量和泊松比对其稳定性的影响,得出了一些有意义的结论,为工程建设中膨胀土边坡设计和治理提供参考。     

岩质边坡稳定性数值模拟及动力响应分析

采用快速拉格朗日方法,以差分技术引入时问因素实现了从连续介质小变形到大变形的分析模拟,对湖南省对121援建项目一四川理县至小金公路工程中豹子嘴边坡建立了三维模型,并采用2008年5．12汶川M8．0级地震中木卡站实测的地震波,在对地震波进行校正的基础上,进行动力数值模拟,分析了地震荷载作用下岩质边坡的位移、加速度和速度的动力响应过程和规律。岩质边坡动力响应分析表明地震荷载下岩质边坡最小水平永久位移、最小水平加速度反应峰值及最小水平速度反应峰值均发生在坡脚处,且在竖向方向均存在较明显的放大效应,其位移、加速度和速度的放大效应存在一定差异,放大倍数分别为18,1．3和6．35。     

我国汽车行业电子商务发展模式研究

文章针对目前国内汽车电子商务模式的几点争论，结合中国电子商务的现实环境和汽车行业的实际情况。进行了充分论证。并借鉴国外汽车行业电子商务发展模式．提出了适台鼗国汽车行业电子商务的三阶段发展模式。     

FLAC3D前处理程序的开发及其在基坑工程中的应用*

结合FLAC3D显式差分算法在大规模岩土工程数值分析中的优势,并针对FLAC3D在复杂计算模型特别是结构模型构建方面的不足,基于HyperMesh软件平台开发了FLAC3D前处理程序。阐述了程序开发的基本思路,介绍程序中实体单元及结构单元的节点转换关系,通过内支撑围护墙和土钉网喷混凝土两种典型基坑工程实例,检验前处理程序的功能和适用性,为FLAC3D复杂计算模型的建立提供一种便捷方法。     

基于一维-三维耦合仿真的进气系统优化方法

提出了基于一维-三维耦合仿真的进气系统优化方法,此方法兼具CFD对进气系统三维流动特性准确描述与一维仿真对内燃机进气系统全局控制的优点。建立了进气歧管三维模型,采用GT-Power软件进行缸内工作过程模型仿真,根据试验数据标定仿真模型。通过一维-三维耦合仿真计算得到进气歧管各转速下的流动参数,以此作为CFD仿真的边界条件,优化进气歧管的结构参数。通过整机试验对进气歧管流动性能进行了验证。试验结果表明,该方法能够较好地指导进气歧管设计。     

统计试验法在汽车零部件三维尺寸及公差设计中的应用

通过对汽车零部件设计中所采用的几种尺寸及公差设计方法的对比分析，系统地介绍了一种应用统计试验法进行尺寸及公差设计的新方法。并且探讨了采用该方法进行计算机模拟、解决三维尺寸及公差设计问题的实现方法。在尺寸及公差设计中，该方法简单、易行，而且可以获得高的计算精度。以汽车操纵杆为例，详细地说明了应用该方法进行三维尺寸及公差分析的过程，从而证明了该方法的有效性和实用性。