基于Timed-UML顺序图的RBC交接形式化建模与分析

在CTCS-3级列控系统中,采用RBC技术将线路划分成多个管辖区段。当列车行驶并跨越相邻RBC交界区域时,控制权将会移交至前方相邻RBC,整个过程称为RBC交接。在运行中,RBC交接过程能否实时安全可靠地执行,直接影响着列车的行车效率和乘客的生命安全。采用一种基于添加实时约束的UML顺序图与时间自动机结合的模型来建立RBC交接场景。以双车载电台的RBC切换策略出发,建立切换的Timed-UML顺序图模型,然后按照UML-TA转换规则,建立得到完整的时间自动机网络模型。并利用UPPAAL验证工具对RBC交接模型进行形式化建模及分析,对模型的死锁和功能实现做了验证,从而达到对CTCS-3级RBC子系统的实时性以及设计规范合理性的验证目的。     

客车编组表管理信息系统的研究

针对以往客车编组表及车底周转图的生成采用人工整理与绘制的现状,研究和开发客车编组表管理信息系统。系统主要由基本字典管理模块、客车编组表生成模块、客车对数表生成模块及指标计算与信息查询模块组成。通过对Borland的VCL库中的相关基类进行继承和派生,实现客车编组表网格化数据库管理及车底周转图生成与图形操作。其中系统所提供的车底周转图自动生成及人工屏幕调整的功能彻底解决了多重客车套跑的车底周转图勾画难点。     

柔性吊桥的图解算法

柔性吊桥计算涉及到结构的几何非线性问题,它即是吊桥计算的基本内容,也对深入理解力学知识有一定帮助。本文阐述了运用力线图法图解计算柔性吊桥主索内力及线形,理论浅显,操作简便。     

Marginal cost congestion pricing based on the network fundamental diagram

Congestion pricing schemes have been traditionally derived based on analytical representations of travel demand and traffic flows, such as in bottleneck models. A major limitation of these models, especially when applied to urban networks, is the inconsistency with traffic dynamics and related phenomena such as hysteresis and the capacity drop. In this study we propose a new method to derive time-varying tolling schemes using the concept of the Network Fundamental Diagram (NFD). The adopted method is based on marginal cost pricing, while it also enables to account realistically for the dynamics of large and heterogeneous traffic networks. We derive two alternative cordon tolls using network-aggregated traffic flow conditions: a step toll that neglects the spatial distribution of traffic by simply associating the marginal costs of any decrease in production within the NFD to the surplus of traffic; and a step toll that explicitly accounts for how network performance is also influenced by the spatial variance in a 3D-NFD. This pricing framework is implemented in the agent-based simulation model MATSim and applied to a case study of the city of Zurich. The tolling schemes are compared with a uniform toll, and they highlight how the inhomogeneous distribution of traffic may compromise the effectiveness of cordon tolls.     

Vehicle headway modeling and its inferences in macroscopic/microscopic traffic flow theory: A survey

Vehicle headway distribution models are widely used in traffic engineering fields, since they reflect the fundamental uncertainty in drivers' car-following maneuvers and meanwhile provide a concise way to describe the stochastic feature of traffic flows. This paper presents a systematic review of vehicle headway distribution studies in the last few decades. Since it is impossible to enumerate the merits and drawbacks of all of existing distribution models, we emphasize four advances of headway distribution modeling in this paper. First, we highlight the chronicle of key assumptions on the existing distribution models and explain why this evolution occurs. Second, we show that departure headways measured for interrupted flows on urban streets and headways measured for uninterrupted flows on freeways have common features and can be simulated by a unified microscopic car-following model. The interesting finding helps gather two kinds of headway distribution models under one umbrella. Third, we review different approaches that aim to link microscopic car-following models and mesoscopic vehicle headway distribution models. Fourth, we show that both the point scattering on the density-flow plot and the shape of traffic flow breakdown curve implicitly depend on the vehicular headway distribution. These findings reveal pervasive connections between macroscopic traffic flow models and mesoscopic headway distribution. All these new insights bring new vigor into vehicle headway studies and open research frontiers in this field.     

Robust constrained control of uncertain macroscopic fundamental diagram networks

This paper considers modeling and control of uncertain Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) systems for multiple-region networks. First, the nonlinear vehicle conservation equations based on MFD dynamics, presented in earlier publications, are transformed to linear equations with parameter uncertainties. The parameter uncertainties include the destination decomposition fractions, that are difficult to estimate in reality. Then, the uncertain linear model is utilized to design a robust feedback controller by an interpolation-based approach. This approach (i) guarantees robustness against all parameter uncertainties, (ii) handle control and state constraints, and (iii) present a computationally cheap solution. The main idea is to interpolate between (i) a stabilizing outer controller that respects the control and state constraints and (ii) an inner robustly stable controller designed by any method. The robust control is further challenged to deal with different relative locations of reference accumulation points on the MFD diagrams. Numerical results for a two-region system show that the uncertain linear model can replace the nonlinear model for modeling and control. Moreover, the robust control law is presented as implicit and explicit solutions, where in the implicit case one linear programming (LP) problem is solved at each time instant, while in the explicit case, the control law is shown as a piecewise affine function of state. Finally, a comparison between the interpolating controller and other controllers in the literature is carried out. The results demonstrate the performance advantages from applying the robust interpolating controller.     

基于状态变迁图的舰载机出动能力分析

为了研究“尼米兹”级航空母舰的舰载机出动能力目标与航空保障能力需求之间的复杂关系,首先根据舰载机的航空保障作业流程抽象出6个状态,并采用状态变迁图描述其任务剖面;其次,由舰载机出动指标推演出航空兵力的任务剖面,根据任务剖面绘制相应的状态变迁图;最后,基于状态变迁图分析甲板作业、调运作业等航空保障能力需求。实例表明,状态变迁图是一种系统分析的有效工具。     

Deriving macroscopic fundamental diagrams from probe data: Issues and proposed solutions

Well-defined relationships between flow and density averaged spatially across urban traffic networks, more commonly known as Macroscopic Fundamental Diagrams (MFDs), have been recently verified to exist in reality. Researchers have proposed using MFDs to monitor the status of urban traffic networks and to inform the design of network-wide traffic control strategies. However, it is also well known that empirical MFDs are not easy to estimate in practice due to difficulties in obtaining the requisite data needed to construct them. Recent works have devised ways to estimate a network’s MFD using limited trajectory data that can be obtained from GPS-equipped mobile probe vehicles. These methods assume that the market penetration level of mobile probe vehicles is uniform across the entire set of OD pairs in the network; however, in reality the probe vehicle market penetration rate varies regionally within a network. When this variation is combined with the imbalance of probe trip lengths and travel times, the compound effects will further complicate the estimation of the MFD.To overcome this deficit, we propose a method to estimate a network’s MFD using mobile probe data when the market penetration rates are not necessarily the same across an entire network. This method relies on the determination of appropriate average probe penetration rates, which are weighted harmonic means using individual probe vehicle travel times and distances as the weights. The accuracy of this method is tested using synthetic data generated in the INTEGRATION micro-simulation environment by comparing the estimated MFDs to the ground truth MFD obtained using a 100% market penetration of probe vehicles. The results show that the weighted harmonic mean probe penetration rates outperform simple (arithmetic) average probe penetration rates, as expected. This especially holds true as the imbalance of demand and penetration level increases. Furthermore, as the probe penetration rates are generally not known, an algorithm to estimate the probe penetration rates of regional OD pairs is proposed. This algorithm links count data from sporadic fixed detectors in the network to information from probe vehicles that pass the detectors. The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm is very effective. Since the data needed to apply this algorithm are readily available and easy to collect, the proposed algorithm is practically feasible and offers a better approach for the estimation of the MFD using mobile probe data, which are becoming increasingly available in urban environments.     

Brake light cellular automaton model with advanced randomization for traffic breakdown

Traffic breakdown is one of the most important empirical phenomena in traffic flow theory. Unfortunately, it cannot be simulated by many traffic flow models. In order to clarify its mechanism, the new brake light cellular automaton model has been proposed. Comparing with previous brake light models, three different aspects have been considered: (i) drivers tend to take large decelerations if the time gap is smaller than the safe time gap and the leading vehicle’s brake light is on; (ii) the brake light rule is set according to the reality; (iii) the randomization rule is put forward before the acceleration rule to weaken the impact of brake light on driving behaviors. Analyses show that the new model can explain the mechanism of traffic breakdown and the failures of other brake light models. Simulations confirm that all empirical features of traffic breakdown are successfully reproduced. At last, brake light models are calibrated and validated by the I-80 empirical data provided by NGSIM. Results show that the performance of the new model is the best and models in the three-phase theory are not necessarily better than models in the fundamental diagram approach and vice versa, at least for the brake light models.     

考虑前后车速度和减速幅度的元胞自动机模型

三相交通流理论和基本图方法对自由流到拥挤流的相变过程提出不同的解释,双方争议至今没有解决.基于典型慢启动模型规则,本文提出一个考虑前后车速度和减速幅度的交通流元胞自动机模型来探讨自由流到拥挤流的相变.新慢启动模型的减速幅度大小与前车速度相关,两个减速幅度值分别对应缓慢减速和急减速.新慢启动模型的数值模拟结果表明：同一密度值对应的交通状态可能是自由流,也可能是拥挤流;小堵塞集团可以稳定存在于道路系统并有同步的趋势;当道路系统中存在大量不考虑舒适驾驶并倾向于急减速的车辆,在此条件下,三相交通流理论提出的紧致压缩效应不具有合理性,自由流状态可以直接相变为堵塞状态.