Participating mass in colliding risers

One of the main challenges in estimating impact energy in collisions between marine risers is the assessment of the riser mass involved in the collision. Evidently the entire riser mass does not contribute to the collision. Hence, the question is: What is the equivalent riser mass which contributes to the impact energy? This article presents three different ways of estimating the riser mass participating in the collision energy. The first method is strictly experimental. The second method uses a numerical experiment together with system identification techniques. The third method is a strictly analytical method, which results in an asymptotically upper bounded estimate of the participating mass. Two risers are examined as case studies. The first riser is a 1 : 100 model scale riser used in collision experiments carried out at Marintek's towing tank in Trondheim, Norway. The second case uses a real world riser in use on the Troll B oil production platform operating in the North Sea. The proposed methods yield consistent and comparable results. Received for publication on Feb. 1, 1999; accepted on July 8, 1999     

博格板式无砟轨道CA砂浆施工技术

CA砂浆是我国新引进的一项技术，在我国铁路建设中也是首次使用，其关键环节是要掌握CA砂浆的生产和灌筑工艺以及成套设备的使用。     

On the dispersion relation of hydroelastic waves in a plate

This paper deals with the dispersion relation of hydroelastic waves in pontoon-type very large floating structures (VLFS) using a simple beam modeling, where the term hydroelastic waves means propagation of deflection vibrations in VLFS. The purpose of this paper is to show the properties of the hydroelastic waves. The dispersion relation of hydroelastic waves propagating in an infinite plate floating on the water is derived based on the linear water wave theory. The effects of the water depth and of the bending rigidity of the floating plate on the wavelength, phase velocity, and group velocity of the hydroelastic waves are shown theoretically or numerically. Then, the dispersion relation of hydroelastic waves in a finite plate floating on shallow water is investigated. It is shown that the wavelength or the phase velocity of the hydroelastic waves varies with the location in the plate. Received for publication on April 7, 1999; accepted on Aug. 20, 1999     

Control system design and performance evaluation of anti-pitching fins

We have investigated the usefulness of active stabilizing fins to reduce ship pitching under varying forward speeds, and in varying wave lengths. A 4-m self-propelled model ship and an electrohydraulically driven stabilizing fin system were used in our experiment. Pitch angles, pitch rates, and ship forward speeds were measured and fed back to a controller to calculate the deflection angle of the stabilizing fin. The effects of fin nonlinearity on achievable pitch reduction performance are discussed. It is shown that the desired pitch response can only be achieved when the fin is operated in the linear region. The overall dynamic response of the ship approaches open-loop behavior when the degree of nonlinearity is high. This simple analysis of the pitch stablizing system provides basic information to ship designers. Experimental results validate these design guidelines. Received for publication on Feb. 12, 1998; accepted on Dec. 8, 1999     

小半径曲线桥上CRTS Ⅱ型板式无砟轨道侧向挡块受力分析

建立了小半径曲线桥上＂轨道-梁-墩＂一体化计算模型,分析其在温度变化和离心力作用下联合板位移以及侧向挡块的受力情况,对曲线半径、侧向挡块弹性垫板刚度和侧向挡块间距的影响规律进行了分析。通过对侧向挡块进行结构强度检算,认为侧向挡块具有较高的安全储备量。     

Much Ado about Nothing? - An analysis of economic impacts and ecologic effects of the EU-emission trading scheme in the aviation industry

From 2012 on, all CO₂ emissions from flights departing from or arriving at airports within the European Union have to be offset. We analyze the economic and ecological impacts that are caused by an inclusion of the aviation industry into the proposed emissions trading scheme (ETS). Building on the now fixed system design we employ a simulation model to estimate the impacts of the scheme. Our results indicate that financial impacts are highly dependant on external settings, such as allowance prices and demand growth. We show that the financial burden on the aviation industry will be rather modest in the first years after the introduction of the system and therefore induce only low competition distortions. Likewise, emission reductions within air transportation will be comparably low. While aviation will induce a decline of emissions in other sectors, significant absolute reductions within air transportation can only be reached by a more restrictive system design.     

CRTSⅡ型无砟轨道板场建厂规划设计

按照CRTSⅡ型轨道板场的建厂规划设计流程,从板场选址、板场总体布局、各功能区设计三方面对主要设计原则及方法进行论述,列出主要参数的计算方法,并给出某CRTSⅡ型轨道板场的建厂工程实例。     

Time-variant ultimate longitudinal strength of corroded bulk carriers

Many bulk carrier losses have been reported of late, and one of the possible causes of such casualties is thought to be the structural failure of aging hulls in rough weather. In aging ships, corrosion and fatigue cracks are the two most important factors affecting structural safety and integrity. This paper uses a set of the time-dependent corrosion wastage models for 23 different member locations/categories of bulk carriers previously developed by the authors, based on the available corrosion measurements for existing large bulk carrier structures. Differences due to the location and corrosion severity of every member type are taken into account. The nominal design corrosion values for the primary members are suggested based on the annualized corrosion rates obtained in the present study. The effect of time-variant corrosion wastage on the ultimate hull girder strength as well as the section moduli is studied. The criteria for repair and maintenance of heavily corroded structural members so as to keep the ultimate longitudinal strength at an acceptable level are discussed. Important insights and conclusions developed are summarized.     

CRTS-Ⅱ型板式轨道CA砂浆配合比设计研究

研究了水泥品种、Ma/Mc（沥青与水泥质量比）、Ms/Mc（砂与水泥质量比）、聚羧酸减水剂掺量对CRTS-Ⅱ型板式无砟轨道CA砂浆流动性和强度,膨胀组分铝粉和U型膨胀剂掺量对CA砂浆体积稳定性和强度,Ms/Mc以及消泡剂DF掺量对CA砂浆容重和含气量的影响规律。研究结果表明：采用PⅠ52.5水泥作为主要胶凝材料,Ma/Mc值0.4,Ms/Mc值1.3,聚羧酸减水剂掺量1.2%,铝粉掺量0.04‰,U型膨胀剂掺量10%,消泡剂掺量1.6%,稳定剂掺量1.29%时,制备出了满足性能指标要求的CA砂浆。     

桥上CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道底座张拉纵连模拟分析

根据桥上CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道结构特点,建立桥上CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道底座施工全过程的有限元计算模型,分6个施工步骤分析底座从浇筑、张拉再到锁定整个过程中的受力及变形,研究表明:张拉前需确定底座锁定板温,以控制底座温度变化幅度;张拉时整个断面需均匀张拉,避免出现因应力集中而导致混凝土拉裂,当底座温差较大时,必须每隔24 h重复张拉1次,直到达到最终的张拉量;张拉完成后,BL2后浇带必须待混凝土浇筑段内应力均衡后方能浇筑。