Comparison of advanced imputation algorithms for detection of transportation mode and activity episode using GPS data

Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies have been increasingly considered as an alternative to traditional travel survey methods to collect activity-travel data. Algorithms applied to extract activity-travel patterns vary from informal ad-hoc decision rules to advanced machine learning methods and have different accuracy. This paper systematically compares the relative performance of different algorithms for the detection of transportation modes and activity episodes. In particular, naive Bayesian, Bayesian network, logistic regression, multilayer perceptron, support vector machine, decision table, and C4.5 algorithms are selected and compared for the same data according to their overall error rates and hit ratios. Results show that the Bayesian network has a better performance than the other algorithms in terms of the percentage correctly identified instances and Kappa values for both the training data and test data, in the sense that the Bayesian network is relatively efficient and generalizable in the context of GPS data imputation.     

Severity of pedestrian injuries due to traffic crashes at signalized intersections in Hong Kong: a Bayesian spatial logit model

The present study intended to (1) investigate the injury risk of pedestrian casualties involved in traffic crashes at signalized intersections in Hong Kong; (2) determine the effect of pedestrian volumes on the severity levels of pedestrian injuries; and (3) explore the role of spatial correlation in econometric crash‐severity models. The data from 1889 pedestrian‐related crashes at 318 signalized intersections between 2008 and 2012 were elaborately collected from the Traffic Accident Database System maintained by the Hong Kong Transport Department. To account for the cross‐intersection heterogeneity, a Bayesian hierarchical logit model with uncorrelated and spatially correlated random effects was developed. An intrinsic conditional autoregressive prior was specified for the spatial correlation term. Results revealed that (1) signalized intersections with greater pedestrian volumes generally exhibited a lower injury risk; (2) ignoring the spatial correlation potentially results in reduced model goodness‐of‐fit, an underestimation of variability and standard error of parameter estimates, as well as inconsistent, biased, and erroneous inference; (3) special attention should be paid to the following factors, which led to a significantly higher probability of pedestrians being killed or sustaining severe injury: pedestrian age greater than 65 years, casualties with head injuries, crashes that occurred on footpaths that were not obstructed/overcrowded, heedless or inattentive crossing, crashes on the two‐way carriageway, and those that occurred near tram or light‐rail transit stops. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Short‐term traffic flow prediction with linear conditional Gaussian Bayesian network

Traffic flow prediction is an essential part of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Most of the previous traffic flow prediction work treated traffic flow as a time series process only, ignoring the spatial relationship from the upstream flows or the correlation with other traffic attributes like speed and density. In this paper, we utilize a linear conditional Gaussian (LCG) Bayesian network (BN) model to consider both spatial and temporal dimensions of traffic as well as speed information for short‐term traffic flow prediction. The LCG BN allows both continuous and discrete variables, which enables the consideration of categorical variables in traffic flow prediction. A microscopic traffic simulation dataset is used to test the performance of the proposed model compared to other popular approaches under different predicting time intervals. In addition, the authors investigate the importance of spatial data and speed data in flow prediction by comparing models with different levels of information. The results indicate that the prediction accuracy will increase significantly when both spatial data and speed data are included. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

贝叶斯网络在电控发动机燃油系统故障分析中的应用

贝叶斯网络(Bayesian Network)是近年来发展起来的一种基于概率理论的推理工具,本研究简要介绍了贝叶斯网络的基本理论,建立了电控发动机燃油供给系统故障信息的贝叶斯诊断网络,并利用Hugin Expert软件计算当燃油供给系统某一部件出现故障时不同故障现象出现的概率。研究表明,贝叶斯诊断网络能够有效诊断电控发动机燃油供给系统故障信息关联度。     

基于FTA-BN的综合交通枢纽中地铁车站安全风险评价

以综合交通枢纽中的地铁车站安全为研究目标,综合考虑综合交通枢纽中特殊的客流组成和乘客特征,以踩踏、火灾、水灾、公共卫生和大面积滞留5类易发风险事故作为研究对象,基于FTA-BN方法对其影响因素进行分析,识别其风险因素,建立相应的事故树模型,转化为贝叶斯网络模型进行风险评价;引入三角模糊数处理专家自然语言,得到贝叶斯网络中的先验概率和条件概率分布,然后通过贝叶斯网络模型进行网络推理计算和敏感性分析,找出地铁车站中的薄弱部分,制定相应的风险管控措施,从而提高枢纽中地铁车站对于紧急事件的应对能力。以广州南站地铁车站为例进行快速评价,结果表明：广州南站在公共卫生安全方面存在一定危险,发生概率为42.98%,且较易发生大面积滞留事件,可能性为30.40%。     

基于随机重复爬山法的交通状态预测

合理构造影响交通状态网络结构,是实现交通状态预测的前提条件.为克服爬 山法易陷入局部最优的缺陷,提出一种基于随机重复爬山法的交通状态预测方法.对随机 生成的有向无环图迭代运行爬山法得到多网络结构;通过有向边置信度的定义和置信度 阈值的计算,确定了最优贝叶斯网络结构中节点和有向边选取准则;利用最优贝叶斯网 络结构,实现了畅通、平稳、拥挤和阻塞等4 种交通状态的预测并综合评价.分析结果表 明,该方法仅选取时段、节假日等两变量时,对交通状态预测总体准确率超过85%,能够 为高速公路运行状态监测预警和决策分析提供有效方法和数据支撑.     

不完全信息下道路客运市场质量招投标的监督博弈

笔者在文中使用博弈论的方法分析了道路客运市场质量招投标中关于中标企业在不完全信息下的静态博弈监督机制,得到了混同的、分离的和准分离的贝叶斯均衡策略.然后建立了完全但不完美信息动态博弈模型和包括投标策略的两阶段不完全信息动态博弈模型,前者只有分离均衡.但在不完全信息下,当低效率运输企业的概率较低且它在中标时只要偷懒能获得足够大的利润,就有混同均衡,即低效率企业能冒充高效率企业在运输线路质量招投标中投出超过自身运营能力的高质量运输服务,然后执行低质量以获得其投机收益.     

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实时精确的车流速度对于交通管理系统来说是至关重要的. 然而,最普遍的单线圈检测器却不能输出速度参数. 本文提出了一种新的单线圈检测器速度估计的贝叶斯网络方法. 在分析流量及时间占有率与速度之间的因果关系基础上,通过单线圈检测输出采样间隔内的流量和时间占用率数据,建立了速度估计的贝叶斯网络模型,采用高斯混合分布函数和EM算法进行模型表达及参数训练. 通过北京快速路实地数据对算法进行了验证,结果表明算法不同采样间隔、不同车道及不同交通状态下均具有较强的鲁棒性,与传统算法相比平均绝对误差减少2 km／h左右. 这一方法可以应用于交通管理系统速度的估计.     

民航运输航空器着陆阶段偏出跑道事件分析模型

为了克服故障树分析方法只能描述正常和故障两种状态的缺陷,利用故障树方法的逻辑分析优势,以及贝叶斯网络描述多态事件和计算概率的功能,建立了基于故障树和贝叶斯网络相融合的航空器着陆偏出跑道事件分析模型,提出了故障树与贝叶斯网络之间的转换算法求解该模型.根据1996—2010年中国民航着陆偏出跑道事件的数据,确定了着陆航空器偏出跑道的主要原因,并按重要程度进行了排序.研究结果表明:积水、反喷或减速板故障、复杂气象条件、驾驶术欠缺、前轮转弯卡阻、夜航或受灯光不利影响、对机组资源管理失效、积冰积雪是导致着陆偏出跑道的主要风险因素,其后验概率均大于0.3;应针对主要风险因素,制定针对性预防措施.