‘Each flight is different’: Carbon emissions of selected flights in three geographical markets

Air travel is considered the biggest individual climate sin. Avoiding flying, however, seems impossible. In this paper we argue that the flight a passenger chooses can be significant. For this purpose we compared the carbon emissions of selected flights in three geographical markets. We found tremendous differences in the environmental performance of individual flights. Furthermore, we also found that flying with the most modern aircraft or flying non-stop represents, in many cases, the least polluting option. Nevertheless, we were able to show that there are exceptions to this rule. Based on our results, we provide recommendations to the industry and for further research.     

“双碳”目标下城市中心区地下公共空间与轨道交通一体化发展机制与评价方法研究

为探究城市空间集约和土地高效利用背景下城市中心区地下公共空间与轨道交通一体化发展的低碳效应，梳理城市中心区地下公共空间与轨道交通一体化发展在构成要素、开发生命周期等方面的特征，分析一体化策划、规划、设计、建造和运维等发展阶段对促进“双碳”目标实现的作用与意义； 构建基于“双碳”目标的包含城市轨道交通发展、城市发展、一体化的低碳效应、城市中心区发展和城市中心区开发5项准则层指标在内的22项指标的一体化测度指标体系，综合运用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法构建城市中心区地下公共空间与轨道交通一体化发展评价方法体系。以南京新街口中心区2005年、2010年、2014年和2019年4个典〖JP2〗型阶段为例进行评价，结果分别为2.349、3.105、3.588和4.222，对应的一体化发展水平分别为较差、中、良和良。对照南京新街口中心区渐进式一体化发展历程可知，南京新街口中心区地下公共空间与轨道交通一体化发展对促进区域“双碳”目标实现作用显著。     

Airline energy efficiency measures considering carbon abatement: A new strategic framework

In this paper, airline energy efficiency is divided into two stages: Operations Stage and Carbon Abatement Stage. This new two-stage operating framework is a modification of existing ones. Then the model, Network SBM with weak disposability, is presented to evaluate the efficiency of 22 international airlines from 2008 to 2012. The results show that: (1) Most airlines’ energy efficiencies have not declined in the period. (2) The average efficiency of European airlines is higher than that of non-European airlines. (3) Non-European airlines have smaller advancements in efficiency score than European airlines. (4) Most airlines’ efficiencies in Operations Stage are higher than Carbon Abatement Stage.     

光缆接头器安装工艺的改进

我国光缆线路工程按照平原设计规范安装接头器工艺的改变,在长江重庆通信管理局涪陵处得到了全面的应用,该处经过对接头器安装工艺的改变,在日常生产中保证了光缆线路的光传输特性,减少了光传输特维护资金、人力和物力。     

汽车覆盖件的冲压复合成型变形及控制

利用应力分界圆的概念，分析冲压件复变形时产生的质量问题比较方便，简便和有效。通过模具参数，冲压条件的调整控制应力分界圆的位置可以有效地控制质量问题的产生，在生产实际中可以通过测量变形获得的应力分界圆的位置。     

CO2电催化还原的研究

以混合的金属氧化物RuO_2、TiO_2、Ag_2O和SnO_2对钛表面进行了修饰,得到了四个不同氧化物组成的钛电极,即RuO_2 TiO_2/Ti(35:65,A)、RuO_2 TiO_2/Ti(25:75,B)、RuO_2 TiO_2 Ag_2O/Ti(C)和RuO_2 TiO_2 SnO2/Ti(D),采用循环伏安法研究了其常温常压下在0.1mol/L的KHCO3水溶液中的电化学行为,在-900mV的恒定电位下进行了CO2的还原,分析了电极的稳定性和还原产物的情况。结果表明,金属氧化物电极对CO2还原产生了很好的催化作用,-900mV下对甲酸和甲醇有高的选择性,还原的液相产物中仅发现了甲酸和甲醇,电极A、B、C和D上生成甲酸和甲醇的总电流效率分别为84.4%、57.4%、93.1%和88.1%,且长时间电解过程中电极具有很好的稳定性,是有很好应用前景的催化电极材料。     

固态胺纤维吸附CO2速率实验研究

模拟核潜艇环境工况条件,对固态胺纤维吸附CO2进行研究。实验测定了环境温度25℃、环境压力101kPa、气相中CO2含量0.5%时,固态胺纤维有水存在下吸附CO2的速率为5.57×10-4mmolig-1is-1。理论分析了吸附速率的控制过程,结果表明固态胺纤维吸附CO2总速率受双膜理论的液膜控制。     

Atmospheric CO2 measurements and error analysis on seasonal air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Bay of Biscay

Atmospheric molar fraction of CO₂ (xCO₂^atm) measurements obtained on board of ships of opportunity are used to parameterize the seasonal cycle of atmospheric xCO₂ (xCO₂^atm) in three regions of the eastern North Atlantic (Galician and French offshore and Bay of Biscay). Three selection criteria are established to eliminate spurious values and identify xCO₂^atm data representative of atmospheric background values. The filtered data set is fitted to seasonal curve, consisting of an annual trend plus a seasonal cycle. Although the fitted curves are consistent with the seasonal evolution of xCO₂^atm data series from land meteorological stations, only ship-board measurements can report the presence of winter xCO₂^atm minimum on Bay of Biscay. Weekly air–sea CO₂ flux differences (mmol C·m^− 2 day^− 1) produced by the several options of xCO₂^atm usually used (ship-board measurements, data from land meteorological stations and annually averaged values) were calculated in Bay of Biscay throughout 2003. Flux error using fitted seasonal curve relative to on board measurements was minimal, whereas land stations and annual means yielded random (− 0.2 ± 0.3 mmol C·m^− 2·day^− 1) and systematic (− 0.1 ± 0.4 mmol C·m^− 2 day^− 1), respectively. The effect of different available sources of sea level pressure, wind speed and transfer velocity were also evaluated. Wind speed and transfer velocity parameters are found as the most critical choice in the estimate of CO₂ fluxes reaching a flux uncertainty of 7 mmol C·m^− 2·day^− 1 during springtime. The atmospheric pressure shows a notable relative effect during summertime although its influence is quantitatively slight on annual scale (0.3 ± 0.2 mmol C·m^− 2·day^− 1). All results confirms the role of the Bay of Biscay as CO₂ sink for the 2003 with an annual mean CO₂ flux around − 5 ± 5 mmol C m^− 2 day^− 1.     

潜艇舱室固态胺CO2清除技术的动力学分析

分析了潜艇舱室固态胺CO_2吸附及水蒸汽再生的反应机理,指出了CO_2水合反应和水合CO_2分解反应分别为吸附与再生过程的慢反应。在实际工况下,固态胺吸附CO_2的速率受传质控制,水蒸汽再生过程很快,其速率不是主要关注的问题。基于双膜理论及双电层理论,分析讨论了固态胺吸附传质过程,推导出了CO_2总的传质速率方程,给出了影响速率的两个可调因素--温度及固态胺的含水量。     

Air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Caribbean Sea from 2002–2004

Air–sea fluxes in the Caribbean Sea are presented based on measurements of partial pressure of CO₂ in surface seawater, pCO_2sw, from an automated system onboard the cruise ship Explorer of the Seas for 2002 through 2004. The pCO_2sw values are used to develop algorithms of pCO_2sw based on sea surface temperature (SST) and position. The algorithms are applied to assimilated SST data and remotely sensed winds on a 1° by 1° grid to estimate the fluxes on weekly timescales in the region. The positive relationship between pCO_2sw and SST is lower than the isochemical trend suggesting counteracting effects from biological processes. The relationship varies systematically with location with a stronger dependence further south. Furthermore, the southern area shows significantly lower pCO_2sw in the fall compared to the spring at the same SST, which is attributed to differences in salinity. The annual algorithms for the entire region show a slight trend between 2002 and 2004 suggesting an increase of pCO_2sw over time. This is in accord with the increasing pCO_2sw due the invasion of anthropogenic CO₂. The annual fluxes of CO₂ yield a net invasion of CO₂ to the ocean that ranges from − 0.04 to − 1.2 mol m^− 2 year^− 1 over the 3 years. There is a seasonal reversal in the direction of the flux with CO₂ entering into the ocean during the winter and an evasion during the summer. Year-to-year differences in flux are primarily caused by temperature anomalies in the late winter and spring period resulting in changes in invasion during these seasons. An analysis of pCO_2sw before and after hurricane Frances (September 4–6, 2004), and wind records during the storm suggest a large local enhancement of the flux but minimal influence on annual fluxes in the region.