基于Epsilon 约束法的高速铁路客票多目标定价研究

高铁客票定价是多目标定价问题,既要保障旅客福利,又要增加企业合理利润. 以企业利润和旅客福利作为高铁定价目标,考虑旅客差异和不同运距情境下的多种运输方式竞争,研究高铁客票多目标定价. 结合Epsilon约束法构建双层规划模型,根据分层序列思想分解多目标问题,设计松弛算法得到纳什均衡解,由解对应的目标值得到帕累托边界,确定多目标定价最优决策. 计算结果表明,对比量价波动和目标值改进,多目标定价适合票价改革要求,时间敏感型客票和短途客票有较高涨价空间,多种运输方式竞争影响定价实施效果. 将 Epsilon 约束法应用于求解高铁客票定价多目标问题,有利于优化客运企业与旅客利益,为铁路部门提供高铁客票定价思路.     

考虑铁路折扣的集装箱公路与多式联运博弈定价

针对考虑铁路运输规模折扣的集装箱公路直运与经陆港公铁联运的均衡定价问题,选用包含经济成本、时间成本和碳排放成本的集装箱公路直运与公-铁联运广义费用函数,构建上层以承运人利润最大化,下层以托运人广义费用最小化为目标的双层规划模型,结合算例采用基于灵敏度的启发式算法求解,并对托运人效用敏感权重系数进行敏感度分析,验证模型有效性。研究发现：公路和多式联运的价格博弈会促使双方运价下降;铁路运输规模折扣可以使多式联运通过降低运价提高货运分担率和利润,减少广义运输费用和碳排放;20%的铁路运输折扣可以使多式联运分担率从 29.44%增长至 45.37%,利润增加 14.20%,使所有集装箱运输广义费用下降2.71%,碳排放减少16.70%;铁路直达海港可以使经陆港多式联运的货物分担率上升13.82%,利润上升33.27%,使所有集装箱运输广义费用下降4.24%,碳排放减少14.16%;托运人运输服务偏好会影响陆港的定价策略。     

电动汽车充电与换电模式定价及投资策略

考虑消费者对电动汽车充电与换电模式的不同价值偏好,以电动汽车制造商和换电站投资商为视角,构建三方博弈决策分析模型,揭示充电、换电模式下电价与投资均衡的机理。通过引入投资商的投资建设水平,构建由充电汽车制造商、换电汽车制造商和换电站投资商三方组成的3级斯坦科尔伯格模型,得到电动汽车充电与换电模式的最优定价及投资策略。对影响电动汽车市场需求、充换电模式的最优定价及最优投资水平的主要因素进行敏感性分析,探究换电汽车制造商与投资商合作与否对换电站的投资建设水平及充电与换电模式定价的影响。研究发现,换电汽车制造商和换电站投资商的合作能降低竞争对手(充电汽车制造商)的利润。不合作时的投资建设水平会受到换电模式的利润分成比例影响,出现投资过低或投资过高的现象。     

Peak period tolls: Precepts and prospects

This article presents the economic rationale for road pricing and provides some scale on the magnitude of peak period tolls that might be justified. It discusses the impacts of such tolls on congestion, air quality and economic development and suggests a long term strategy towards areawide implementation of peak period pricing. It discusses current trends which are increasing the likelihood for implementation of congestion pricing and toll roads in the future. In particular, it discusses some aspects of the 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) which will eliminate some of the current restraints on congestion pricing and toll highways.Abbreviations ETC Electronic toll collection - FHWA Federal Highway Administration - HOV High occupancy vehicle - ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act - LOS Level of service - TCM Transportation control measure - V/C Volume-to-capacity ratio - VMT Vehicle mile(s) of travel - vphpl Vehicles per hour per lane     

A measurement and Comparison of Cost Competitiveness of Container Ports in Southeast Asia

Terminal users face a variety of costs associated with the container terminal and those that are harder to quantify should not be ignored for they might represent a larger component of the overall costs associated with using a particular terminal. Similarly, the competitive advantage of a container terminal operator goes beyond the elements that can be quantified. The paper uses and modifies Cournot’s simultaneous quantity-setting model as a means to derive the overall costs of using the terminal. The application of this model to the perspective of competition between container terminal operators in Singapore, Port Klang and Tanjung Pelepas finds that the increasingly cost competitive operators in Port Klang and Tanjung Pelepas were able to close the gap with PSA Corporation in Singapore in the overall costs of using their terminal facilities between 1998 and 2002 although PSAC continued to enjoy a dominant share of the container-handling market in the region. The paper also highlights the tremendous amount of opportunities available to these terminal operators to advance and capitalise on their competitive advantages beyond aggressive price competition.The author would like to stress that the views presented do not represent those of his organization.     

地铁工程综合造价指标解析

地铁工程建设是一项复杂的系统工程,投资大,涉及面广。不同的地区、不同的城市、不同的环境和地质条件,其工程造价和综合造价指标差别很大。此文从工程造价构成的角度,对造成综合造价指标差异和影响综合造价指标的主要因素进行分析,找出关键所在,为工程立项进行投资估算,各设计阶段编制概算,上级主管部门对设计文件及投资进行审查,合理确定工程项目造价提供借鉴。     

工程结算存在的问题及审计采取的对策

针对工程建设和结算中存在的施工单位虚报、多报施工工程量,错套、高套工程定额,抬高材料价格,多计施工机械费用等问题进行分析,提出工程结算审计可采取的对策与措施,即把施工工程量作为审核的重点,熟练掌握工程定额,严把定额套用关、材料质量和价格关,选择性价比高的材料,严把取费标准关,深入工地拍照、记录实情,实事求是地进行工程结算审计,保证审计结果的合法性、合理性、公正性。     

运用线性规划理论加强工程项目成本控制

在工程建设项目的实施和管理过程中,如何做到施工方案最优,资源配置合理,降低材料消耗和项目成本,是施工企业不断研究的问题。此文在简述线性规划理论和如何建立数学模型的基础上,以某高速公路A2标段钢筋下料方案为例,建立线性规划数学模型,利用"管理运筹学"软件,计算最优下料方案。通过计算所选取的下料方案,其钢筋损耗率与《公路工程预算定额》相比,降低了59.4%,有效地降低了材料消耗,控制了项目成本。