Parking Benefit Districts – The transferability of a measure to reduce car dependency to a European context

Parking Benefit Districts (PBDs) are a parking measure where revenues from on-street parking charges are returned to the area where they are charged, and stakeholders in the area participate in prioritizing how the revenues are to be spent. The purpose of this article is to analyse whether and how a PBD programme can be transferred to a European context, and whether it can contribute to reduced car dependency. The first part of the article provides an overview of some salient features of PBD programmes in the USA through a literature survey. This is followed by results from interviews and from a focus group with civil servants and a deputy mayor in Stockholm. The results are used to analyse the conditions for implementing a PBD programme in Stockholm, as well as for analysing how such a programme can be designed to reduce car dependency. A main conclusion is that there are no legal barriers that render a PBD programme impossible in Stockholm, even though there are some legal restrictions. We also conclude that a PBD programme might contribute to reduced car dependency in two different ways, either by increasing acceptance for parking charges or by improving the alternatives to private cars. There seem to be several aspects in a PBD programme that can contribute to increased acceptance for parking charges. However, there is no tradition of working with these principles in Sweden and the programme’s redistributional effects need to be taken into account when designing the programme.     

Workshop report - Public policy and transport

This workshop considered the wider public policy goals of a range of transport interventions. Particular attention was paid to assessing the role of integration of the different components of the transport system and of the integration of transport with other economic sectors. This assessment was informed by Ray Pawson’s realist evaluation approach, with its emphasis on the inter-relationships between context, process and outcome. The context was provided by case studies covering small urban areas, large urban areas and inter-urban corridors. The three key processes identified related to a regulated system with public ownership and control, a deregulated system with private sector ownership (‘competition in the market’) and a system in which there was public planning of the transport system but private provision (‘competition for the market’). Outcomes can be assessed using cost-benefit analysis tools to determine impacts on economic welfare or more qualitative approaches can be used to determine the extent to which accessibility or sustainability goals have been achieved. The evidence provided suggests that wider public policy goals are more important for urban than for inter-urban transport and it thus in urban areas where integration should be pursued with most vigour. The most relevant process for achieving this would seem to be variants of the competition for the market model. Some policy recommendations are made and implications for further research and for future conferences assessed.     

两岸直航海事纠纷解决之路

从两岸间接直航的现实及其特点出发，论证了两岸直航和海事联合仲裁的现实性和必然性，并对两岸海事联合仲裁的若干法律问题作了进一步的探讨。     

公路工程建设项目的综合经济评价与决策分析

根据灰色系统理论关联度和层次分析法，分析工程项目建设方案的决策问题。在决策分析过程中，按关联度大小排序，进行方案优选，为决策提供依据，并用实例说明该法的有效性。     

经济机会论的实践背景分析

本文通过回顾总结我国经济体制改革历程、分析国有企业走入经营困境的根本原因,论证市场经济的核心本质特征是“机会经济”和经济机会论对市场经济的运作具有较强的操作指导性。     

银川至西安铁路客运专线速度目标值研究

银川至西安铁路客运专线主要承担宁夏、蒙西及沿线地区与陕西及中东部地区间的快捷客运任务,两端兼顾城际客流的出行需求,速度目标值的选择尤为重要。为确定合理的速度目标值,综合考虑本项目的功能定位、时间目标值、沿线客流水平、投资效益,结合相邻路网协调性、经济社会发展协调性等多方面因素,采用250 km/h预留350 km/h速度目标值方案,可较好地适应近、远期客运需求,与经济社会的发展水平协调较好,与区域路网相协调,工程规模及投资水平适中,综合效益较优。     

二甲醚发动机的燃烧与排放研究

在一台2135直喷柴油机上，对燃油供给系统进行了适当的改造，测试了燃用二甲醚发动机的燃料喷射时刻、气缸压力和有害排放，计算分析了放热规律及滞燃期变化规律。研究结果表明，在供油提前角相同的情况下，二甲醚的喷射延迟比柴油长而滞燃期比柴油短，着火时刻落后于柴油；二甲醚的最大放热速率小，而燃烧持续期短；二甲醚发动机接近无烟排放，N0x排放浓度显著低于柴油机。     

基于AAHP-GRAP的城际铁路建设项目经济风险评价

在不确定因素导致建设项目偏离复杂系统预期经济目标的可能的基础上,风险识别对于城际铁路建设项目的风险管理至关重要。为了对铁路建设项目进行风险控制,建立城际铁路建设项目经济风险评估指标体系,提出一种基于逆层次分析法(AAHP)和灰色关联分析方法(GRAP)相结合而形成的综合性评价方法。然后运用AAHP-GRAP新模型对新建兰州至中川城际铁路建设项目的经济风险因素进行评估,从而得出科学、合理、可靠的结论,对建设兰州至中川城际铁路项目的风险控制具有重要意义。     

纯电动载货车动力性和经济型参数设计

依据汽车动力性、经济性指标对载货车的动力电机和动力电池进行参数匹配。并利用CRUISE软件搭建整车模型,对该车进行了最高车速、加速时间、最大爬坡度及经济性仿真分析。     

综合运输可达性与物流经济的空间分异及耦合

综合运输可达性与物流经济之间存在耦合关系.以丝绸之路经济带为例,基于省域层面的面板数据,利用ArcGIS 可视化平台,分析综合运输可达性及节点城市物流经济发展水平的空间分异特征;进一步解析综合运输可达性与物流经济的耦合协调机制,构建耦合协调度模型,分析综合运输可达性与物流经济的耦合协调发展格局.结果显示：整体空间上,综合运输可达性与物流经济发展水平的区域差异显著,均呈现“东高西低” 的空间分布格局;综合运输可达性与物流经济的协调发展度差异显著,且整体水平不高,丝绸之路经济带的综合运输基础设施实际投入和物流产出的匹配度有待提高,且对物流经济发展的支撑作用尚未充分发挥.