Effects of mixture stratification on HCCI combustion of DME in a rapid compression and expansion machine

Compression ignition of homogeneous charges in internal combustion (IC) engines is expected to offer high efficiency of DI diesel engines without high levels of NOx and particulate emissions. This study is intended to find ways of extending the rich limit of HCCI operation, one of the problems yet to be overcome. Exhaust emissions characteristics are also explored through analyses of the combustion products. DME fuel, either mixed with air before induction or directly injected into the combustion chamber of a rapid compression and expansion machine, is compressed to ignite under various conditions of compression ratio, equivalence ratio, and injection timing. The characteristics of the resulting combustion and exhaust emissions are discussed in terms of the rate of heat release computed from the measured pressure, and the concentrations of THC, CO, and NOx are measured by FT-IR and CLD. The experimental data to date show that operation without knock is possible with mixtures of higher equivalence ratio when DME is directly injected rather than when it is inducted in the form of a perfectly homogeneous fuel-air mixture. Although fuel injected early in the compression stroke promotes homogeneity of the DME-air mixture in the cylinder, it causes the mixture to ignite too early to secure good thermal efficiency and knock-free operation at high loads. Low temperature reactions occur at about 660K regardless of the fueling methods, fuel injection timing and equivalence ratio. The main components of hydrocarbon emissions turned out to be unburned fuel (DME), formaldehyde and methane.     

高速公路扩建中路基直接拼接技术探讨

重点讨论了目前已改建高速公路中主要采用的直接拼接方式,介绍了路基拓宽的理论分析和拓宽路基处理方法。     

旧水泥砼路面加铺沥青面层结构技术经济分析

文章结合某高速公路水泥混凝土路面大修情况,介绍不同路段采用不同的加铺沥青层设计方案,并就路面维修建设费用和使用寿命间的经济关系进行分析和研究,为同类维修项目提供参考。     

Modeling the impacts of alternative emission trading schemes on international shipping

Various market-based measures have been proposed to reduce CO₂ emissions from international shipping. One promising mechanism under consideration is the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS). This study analyzes and benchmarks the economic implications of two alternative ETS mechanisms, namely, an open ETS compared to a Maritime only ETS (METS). The analytical solutions and model calibration results allow us to quantify the impacts of alternative ETS schemes on the container shipping sector and the dry bulk shipping sector. It is found that an ETS, whether open or maritime only, will decrease shipping speed, carrier outputs and fuel consumption for both the container and dry bulk sectors, even in the presence of a “wind-fall” profit to shipping companies. Under an open ETS, the dry bulk sector will suffer from a higher proportional reduction in output than the container sector, and will thus sell more emission permits or purchase fewer permits. Under an METS, container carriers will buy emission permits from the dry bulk side. In addition, under an METS the degree of competition within one sector will have spill-over effects on the other sector. Specifically, when the sector that sells (buys) permits is more collusive (competitive), the equilibrium permit price will rise. This study provides a framework for identifying the moderating effects of market structure and competition between firms on emission reduction schemes, and emphasizes the importance of understanding the differential impacts of ETS schemes on individual sectors within an industry when considering alternative policies.     

基于CAN总线的微机直通式电空制动监测系统

针对微机直通式电空制动系统分散控制的特点,构建了基于控制局域网CAN总线的监测网络。它将各个分散的制动控制单元信息,通过CAN总线传输到上位计算机,进行分析处理。系统进行两次通讯协议的转换:一是每个制动控制单元与CAN智能适配卡之间,完成串行RS232到CAN总线通讯协议的转换;二是CAN总线上的主适配卡接收包含有车号信息的各制动控制单元的数据帧,完成CAN总线到RS232通讯协议的转换,传输给上位机。同时对监测系统的实时性进行了分析,并应用于2动9拖高速列车直通式电空制动系统,实现制动控制单元的集中监测,实时反映各车制动机响应的同步性和一致性。     

直流大电流在线校准标准器的研制

介绍了直流大电流在线校准标准器的用途、主要技术性能、结构、设计原理及特点。     

沥青粘结料粘弹性参数确定方法的研究

沥青是一种典型的粘弹性体，其粘弹性特性对沥青路面的使用性能具有重要的影响。文章以粘弹性力学理论为基础，采用Burgers模型模拟直接拉伸试验测定沥青粘结料的粘弹性特性，提出确定粘弹性参数的非线性模型，并介绍利用大型统计软件SPSS求解粘弹性参数的方法。     

新型燃油喷射缸内直喷二冲程汽油机的研究与开发(续1)

将成本低和简单可靠的新型自由电枢式燃油喷射单元FAI（Free Armature Injection）应用于AX-100二冲程汽油机，进行了电控燃油缸内高压直喷的研究和开发，在原机的基础上设计改造了一个适合缸内直喷的进气、供油及燃烧室系统。通过试验，获得了大量的缸内直喷的试验数据和电控参数的MAP图，并分析了喷油量、喷油提前角和点火相位等非常敏感的控制参数对发动机的性能、燃油消耗和排放的影响规律，还做了该直喷发动机和原化油器发动机的性能、燃油消耗和排放的比较。结果表明，新型自由电枢式燃油喷射FAI直喷技术能够成功的应用于缸内高压直喷系统，极大改善了燃油短路的现象和扫气效率，在整个运行范围内燃油消耗大大降低，HC排放改善很多。     

基于某车型动力性能匹配设计与驾驶性验收

随着现代汽车技术的飞速发展以及人们对于生活品质的需求提升,汽车动力性、经济性和舒适性成为了影响汽车市场成功的主要因素,其中汽车动力性又是汽车最基本、最重要的性能。这种匹配过程必须从两侧进行,但实际上,发动机的特性占据首要地位,变速器的特性必须适应发动机来实现匹配。对于特定的车辆,在初步确定汽车造型、总质量、轮胎规格以及性能目标后,为使汽车发挥最佳的动力性、经济性和舒适性,合理的匹配发动机和传动系统各参数显得尤为重要。在这种情况下,本文通过对标竞品车动力性性能、经济性能的客观测试和驾驶性的主观评价,初步确定某车型的开发目标;然后搭建仿真平台并基于该目标以及现有的整车参数、发动机特性进行正向计算得到某车型变速器各档位理论总速比;再结合现有资源确定3组可行的速比,并使用搭建的仿真平台进行动力性、经济性模拟计算,确定最优方案;最终实车搭载并完成基础标定后进行主客观测试。结果显示车辆性能优异,主客观评价均满足开发需求。在开发过程中借助计算机,仿真软件等高效工具,大大缩短了产品开发周期同时又保证了开发车型的动力性经济性能满足设计目标。     

经济潜力模型法量化高速公路对沿线经济的带动效益

从空间经济学中的经济潜力模型出发,探讨了高速公路对沿线及周边地区经济的带动效益问题。通过提出区域可接近性概念,并利用区域经济潜力模型量化分析了高速公路对沿线区域经济的影响,并结合实际案例(京沪高速公路河北境内青县至吴桥段高速公路)测算出了高速公路对沿线区域经济增长的贡献。研究结果表明:至2020年,青吴高速公路对沿线经济的带动效益达13亿左右。