预瞄驾驶员模型中车辆操控稳定性的分析

通过将驾驶员模型、汽车运动学模型与闭环控制系统相结合,给出了一种基于最大预瞄距离驾驶员模型的空间方程.采用Lyapunov-Krasovskii泛函方法,分析基于该模型的“人—车—路”闭环控制系统的指数稳定性条件.利用所建立的4轮车辆驾驶员模型,分别采用不同的最大预瞄距离值和驾驶员反应时滞值,对车辆路径跟随进行了仿真试...     

Method for investigating intradriver heterogeneity using vehicle trajectory data: A Dynamic Time Warping approach

After first extending Newell’s car-following model to incorporate time-dependent parameters, this paper describes the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm and its application for calibrating this microscopic simulation model by synthesizing driver trajectory data. Using the unique capabilities of the DTW algorithm, this paper attempts to examine driver heterogeneity in car-following behavior, as well as the driver’s heterogeneous situation-dependent behavior within a trip, based on the calibrated time-varying response times and critical jam spacing. The standard DTW algorithm is enhanced to address a number of estimation challenges in this specific application, and a numerical experiment is presented with vehicle trajectory data extracted from the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) project for demonstration purposes. The DTW algorithm is shown to be a reasonable method for processing large vehicle trajectory datasets, but requires significant data reduction to produce reasonable results when working with high resolution vehicle trajectory data. Additionally, singularities present an interesting match solution set to potentially help identify changing driver behavior; however, they must be avoided to reduce analysis complexity.     

The design of an in-vehicle assistance system to support eco-driving

This driving simulator study was the second of two studies investigating the most effective and acceptable in-vehicle system for the provision of guidance on fuel efficient accelerator usage. Three eco-driving interfaces were selected for test (a second-order display visual display with auditory alerts and two haptic accelerator pedal systems) following a pilot study of 12 different interfaces. These systems were tested in a range of eco-driving scenarios involving acceleration, deceleration and speed maintenance, and assessed through their effects on fuel economy, vehicle control, distraction, and driver subjective feedback. The results suggest that a haptic accelerator pedal system is most effective for preventing over-acceleration, whilst minimal differences were observed between systems in terms of the effect of the assistance provided to prevent under-acceleration. The visual–auditory interface lowered the time spent looking towards the road, indicating a potential negative impact on driver safety from using this modality to provide continuous green driving support. Subjective results were consistent with the objective findings, with haptic pedal systems creating lower perceived workload than a visual–auditory interface. Driver acceptability ratings suggested a slight favouring of a haptic-force system for its usefulness, whereas the more subtle haptic-stiffness system was judged more acceptable to use. These findings offer suggestions for the design of a user-friendly, eco-driving device that can help drivers improve their fuel economy, specifically through the provision of real-time guidance on the manipulation of the accelerator pedal position.     

隧道施工机械司机防尘防毒呼吸器的实验研究

为在隧道内施工的机械作业司机免受粉尘、爆破烟尘及柴油机废气的污染，利用机械自备电源，正压送风，采用新材料三级过滤和净化液洁治方式，研制成功司机个人防护呼吸器。该呼吸器对司机吸入空气中的烟尘、粉尘清除率大于９２％，氮氧化物清除率接近３０％。     

高速公路平直路段雾霾天气下的IDM跟驰模型分析

雾霾等恶劣气候对交通安全带来严重威胁.为分析雾霾天气下驾驶行为规律,利用高逼真度驾驶模拟器,构建了高速公路平直路段雾霾天气场景,开展了自由加速、紧急制动和跟驰试验;基于采集的试验数据利用遗传算法对IDM (Intelligent Driver Model)跟驰模型进行了标定,并与晴天同路段标定参数进行了对比分析.结果显示,雾霾天气下IDM模型中起步加速度和舒适减速度参数并无显著差异,但安全距离、安全车头时距、期望速度等参数比晴天情况显著减小,由此表明雾霾天气下的交通冲突风险显著增大,应加强雾霾天气下的安全管理.     

Vehicle value of travel time savings: Evidence from a group-based modelling approach

The value of travel time savings (VTTS) accounts for a majority of the total user benefits in economic appraisal of transport investments. This means that having an accurate estimate of VTTS for different segments of travel continues to retain currency, despite there being a rich literature on estimates of VTTS for different travel modes, travel purposes, income groups, life cycles, and distance bands. In contrast, there is a dearth of research and evidence on vehicle VTTS, although joint travel by car is an important segment of travel. This paper fills this gap by developing a group-based modelling approach to quantify the vehicle VTTS and compares this with the VTTS for a driver with and without a passenger. An online survey was conducted in Sydney in 2014 and the data used to obtain a number of new empirical estimates of vehicle and driver VTTS. The new evidence questions the validity of various assumptions adopted in current practice for valuing the time savings of car passengers and multiple occupant cars.     

A similarity-based neuro-fuzzy modeling for driving behavior recognition applying fusion of smartphone sensors

Drivers’ behavior evaluation is one of the most important problems in intelligent transportation systems and driver assistant systems. It has a great influence on driving safety and fuel consumption. One of the challenges in this regard is the modeling perspective to treat with uncertainty in judgments about driving behaviors. Really, assessing a single maneuver with a rigid threshold leads to a weak judgment for driving evaluation. To fill this gap, a novel neuro-fuzzy system is proposed to classify the driving behaviors based on their similarities to fuzzy patterns when all of the various maneuvers are stated with some fuzzy numbers. These patterns are also fuzzy numbers and they are extracted from statistical analysis on the smartphone sensors data. Our driving evaluation system consists of three processes. Firstly, it detects the type of all of the maneuvers through the driving period, by using a multi-layer perceptron neural network. Secondly, it extracts a new feature based on the acceleration and assigns three fuzzy numbers to driver’s lane change, turn and U-turn maneuvers. Thirdly, it determines the similarity between these three fuzzy numbers and the fuzzy patterns to evaluate the safe and the aggressive driving scores. To validate this model, Driver’s Angry Score (DAS) questionnaires are used. Results show that the fusion of Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors of smartphones is enough for the proposed driving evaluation system. Accuracy of this system is 87% without using GPS and GIS data and this system is independent of smartphones and vehicles types.     

基于MVB总线的DMI与车载设备通信方法

在CTCS-2级列控系统中,需要为DMI和车载设备之间传输数据提供一种及时、安全、高效的方法.首先介绍了基于MVB总线的DMI与车载设备的通信方法,包括周期数据传输方法和非周期数据传输方法;其次介绍了非周期数据传输协议的基本原理,发送数据状态机和接收数据状态机的设计方法;最后对DMI与车载设备传输数据方法的实时性、正确性和可用性进行了分析.     

An optimal variable speed limits system to ameliorate traffic safety risk

Active Traffic Management (ATM) systems have been emerging in recent years in the US and Europe. They provide control strategies to improve traffic flow and reduce congestion on freeways. This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing a Variable Speed Limits (VSL) system, one key part of ATM, to improve traffic safety on freeways. A proactive traffic safety improvement VSL control algorithm is proposed. First, an extension of the METANET (METANET: A macroscopic simulation program for motorway networks) traffic flow model is employed to analyze VSL’s impact on traffic flow. Then, a real-time crash risk evaluation model is estimated for the purpose of quantifying crash risk. Finally, optimal VSL control strategies are achieved by employing an optimization technique to minimize the total crash risk along the VSL implementation corridor. Constraints are setup to limit the increase of average travel time and the differences of the posted speed limits temporarily and spatially. This novel VSL control algorithm can proactively reduce crash risk and therefore improve traffic safety. The proposed VSL control algorithm is implemented and tested for a mountainous freeway bottleneck area through the micro-simulation software VISSIM. Safety impacts of the VSL system are quantified as crash risk improvements and speed homogeneity improvements. Moreover, three different driver compliance levels are modeled in VISSIM to monitor the sensitivity of VSL effects on driver compliance. Conclusions demonstrated that the proposed VSL system could improve traffic safety by decreasing crash risk and enhancing speed homogeneity under both the high and moderate compliance levels; while the VSL system fails to significantly enhance traffic safety under the low compliance scenario. Finally, future implementation suggestions of the VSL control strategies and related research topics are also discussed.     

Can feedback from in-vehicle data recorders improve driver behavior and reduce fuel consumption?

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of feedback, based on In-Vehicle Data Recorders (IVDR), to improve driving behavior, increase driving safety, and reduce fuel consumption. We developed a framework for driving-behavior measurement, incorporating second-by-second data collected by IVDRs. IVDR units were installed in over 150 vehicles driven by more than 350 drivers for over a year. The experiment was divided into three stages. The first stage was a “blind”, control stage, with no feedback. The second stage incorporated verbal feedback given only to riskiest drivers. In the third stage all drivers received a bi-weekly written report about their driving performance. Safety events, such as braking, lateral acceleration or speeding, were recorded. Supplementary data regarding safety related events and fuel consumption were also collected. Safety incidents and fuel consumption were modeled as a function of IVDR measurement-based events, in order to identify which events best reflect safety incidents and excessive fuel consumption. Our results show that braking events best explain safety incidents, and all events together best explain fuel consumption. In addition, we found that for the riskiest drivers, feedback significantly reduced the IVDR events. Our models show that feedback can lead to a reduction of 8% in safety incidents, and 3–10% in fuel consumption, with a larger reduction obtained for large vehicles.