Evaluation of energy consumption of vehicles in EU Trans-European Transport Network

The paper presents the results of field tests evaluating energy consumption in the vehicles of Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) of selected EU countries: Poland, Germany and France. The energy consumption of vehicles in a highway system was assessed based on the telemetry analysis systems for traction parameters, tachograph record of digital speed waveform and their statistical analysis. The empirical cumulative distribution functions of speed transitions (acceleration, deceleration) were used to determine the kinetic energy losses of the vehicle (fuel consumption). To assess the statistical significance of differences between cumulative distribution functions the Smirnov–Kolmogorov test was used.     

电控柴油/天然气双燃料发动机油气切换过程的研究

本文依靠软件算法实现了电控柴油／天然气双燃料发动机的柴油量和天然气量的协调控制，并通过调整燃气供给系统参数及优化控制策略，消除了燃料切换过程中出现的较大幅度的转速波动，最终实现了转速基本无波动的油气切换过程。     

双重道德风险下保险公司的博弈分析

在双重道德风险下,保险公司若想使收益不减少,必须加大检查力度(成本),同时也要有相应的机制来约束和规避不良风险的发生。但是保险公司实施对投保人告知实情的奖励措施,虽然不会使保险公司受益进一步提升,但是却可以改善社会总福利。     

天然气分段喷射对双燃料发动机性能影响的研究

针对6L190柴油/天然气双燃料发动机,采用天然气分段气态直喷的喷射规律,通过改变其主预喷间隔与预喷量,利用AVL Fire软件对缸内燃烧及排放进行数值模拟研究。结果表明:天然气预喷射能够改善混合气形成质量,缩短主喷射着火滞燃期,降低缸内最大爆发压力和最高燃烧温度,减少NOX排放,优化燃烧,但若要达到良好的预喷射效果,这需要对预喷量和主预喷间隔进行优化调整。间隔角较大时,宜采用较大预喷量;间隔角较小时,预喷量宜减少;间隔角不宜过小,否则效果会适得其反。预喷量固定时,较大的间隔角有利于改善排放;预喷量较小时,排放对间隔角变化相对不敏感。     

基于交叉感应环线的列车控制系统地面发送设备

本文介绍了基于交叉感应环线的列车控制系统地面发送设备的原理及安全性，对发送设备的各个功能模块进行了详细的说明。     

ZPW-2000A轨道电路在单线半自动提速区段的应用

本文提出单线半自动闭塞区段设置双接近区段和接近信号机，接近区段采用ZPW-2000A无绝缘轨道电路，提高列车的运行速度和安全性能。     

Scantling optimization based on convex linearizations and a dual approach—Part II

The development of the LBR-5 “Stiffened Panels Software” is included in the development of a new design methodology to ease and to improve preliminary studies of naval structures and floating hydraulic structures. It allows, as of the first draft, an optimization of the scantling of the structure's constituent elements. The ultimate target is to link standard design tools (steel structure CAD, hull form, hydrostatic curves, floating stability, weight estimation, etc.) with a rational optimization design module and a minimum construction cost (or minimum weight) objective function. It is developed to be a user-oriented tool. The optimization module is composed of three basic modules (OPTI, CONSTRAINT and COST) and a group of sub-modules (in external databases). Among these the user selects a set of relevant sub-modules (i.e. geometrical and structural constraints). Since the present optimization deals with least construction costs (as objective function), and uses an explicit objective function (not empirical), the user must specify labor costs (unitary material costs, welding, cutting, etc.). This paper is the second part of a series of two articles. The previous paper focused on the ‘Module-Oriented Optimization’ methodology and on the rational constraints (Rigo, Marine Structures 2001). This paper presents the optimization algorithm based on convex linearization and a dual approach (OPTI module). It also includes the optimization of a FSO unit as a detailed example.     

船用柴油机双燃料系统设计及其特性

随着排放法规的日趋严苛和运输市场竞争日益激烈,为降低航运业运营成本、保护环境,船舶发动机燃油系统不断被改进,双燃料发动机以其污染更少、燃料价格较低, 成为研究热点。本文介绍了一种新的船用柴油天然气双燃料系统,并为系统设计了性能可靠控气精准的组合喷射阀。为了提高系统适应性,设计了通过T-S模糊控制算法处理油耗和转速信息得出系统的天然气喷入量的控制系统,不安装限油装置,最大限度地利用了原柴油机的控制系统,通过发动机自身调节机构对引燃柴油量调节,安装简单方便。在台架实验中,双燃料发动机的替代率随着转速的升高逐渐增大,在额定转速（负荷）点工作时,替代率达到了73%,费用节省率达到了31%,运行可靠稳定。     

双向转发检测技术在铁路数据通信网中的应用

铁路数据通信网用户侧设备采用双上行静态路由协议方式接入时,由于接入路由器与用户侧设备间可能存在非直连链路,两侧端口无法准确感知链路变化情况,会导致链路切换无法生效.为此,应用双向转发检测(BFD)技术,可解决非直连链路倒换端口无法感知链路变化问题.     

Urban spatial location advantage: The dual of the transportation problem and its implications for land-use and transport planning

Numerous recent studies have investigated the relationship between the location of jobs and housing in urban areas and how this relates to urban commuting patterns. Few have utilised the dual of the transportation problem of linear programming (TPLP) to provide insights into these relationships Accordingly, this analysis utilises the TPLP to determine dual variable values (shadow prices) for a study area in Dublin, Ireland. The approach determines the pattern of relative location advantage for the peak and off-peak travel periods and for public and private transport for 1991 and 2001. The results are set against the expected results for hypothetical urban structures. The results show that the pattern of relative location advantage has altered sharply over the study period for off-peak trip-making but has remained more or less the same for trip-making in the peak period. For the off-peak period, the pattern of relative location advantage has shifted from the central area to the periphery specifically for private transport trips; for public transport, the pattern has remained focused on the city centre. This indicates that private transport users can react more quickly to changes in the distribution of land-use activities than their public transport counterparts due to the relatively fixed nature of the latter mode. This implies that the public transport network needs to be reorganized to better reflect the revised pattern of trip-making specifically for the off-peak period. The results demonstrate the value of using the approach for providing information about the spatial organisation of land uses within cities and where future development may be targeted.