Marginal cost congestion pricing based on the network fundamental diagram

Congestion pricing schemes have been traditionally derived based on analytical representations of travel demand and traffic flows, such as in bottleneck models. A major limitation of these models, especially when applied to urban networks, is the inconsistency with traffic dynamics and related phenomena such as hysteresis and the capacity drop. In this study we propose a new method to derive time-varying tolling schemes using the concept of the Network Fundamental Diagram (NFD). The adopted method is based on marginal cost pricing, while it also enables to account realistically for the dynamics of large and heterogeneous traffic networks. We derive two alternative cordon tolls using network-aggregated traffic flow conditions: a step toll that neglects the spatial distribution of traffic by simply associating the marginal costs of any decrease in production within the NFD to the surplus of traffic; and a step toll that explicitly accounts for how network performance is also influenced by the spatial variance in a 3D-NFD. This pricing framework is implemented in the agent-based simulation model MATSim and applied to a case study of the city of Zurich. The tolling schemes are compared with a uniform toll, and they highlight how the inhomogeneous distribution of traffic may compromise the effectiveness of cordon tolls.     

路网最优费率的双层规划模型及算法

为寻求系统、科学的路网最优费率测算方法,提出用双层规划模型描述路网管理者、收费道路经营者和车辆用户三者在费率决策中的博弈关系,其中上层以路网用户盈余最大化为目标,下层是弹性需求下的多车型随机用户均衡模型,设计了遗传-模拟退火混合优化的求解算法。计算发现路网收费收入目标的高低将直接影响测算所得费率的高低,进而影响各车型OD出行量,且时间价值低的车型用户比时间价值高的车型用户受费率变化的影响要更为显著,表明双层模型在费率决策过程中能兼顾相关各方的利益,建模时考虑车型分类能更合理地反映现实情况;与遗传算法、模拟退火算法相比,遗传-模拟退火算法计算结果最优。     

公路ETC及组合式收费系统

电子不停车收费（ETC）具有许多的优点,是公路收费方式发展的必然方向。组合式电子收费比全电子收费能更好地适应我国国情．是值得和容易推广的公路收费技术方案。通过分析组合式收费的特点,提出对车道进行必要改造的方案,最后给出了目前推广ETC收费面临的主要问题。     

高速公路收费站车道类型设置问题建模与求解

在加快推进ETC应用服务的背景下,以收费站运营成本与用户延误成本之和最小为目标,结合排队论,建立收费站车道类型设置优化模型. 提出一种自然数编码的遗传算法用于模型求解. 以广州市机场收费站为例,求解高峰时段两种不同ETC使用率下的车道类型设置优化方案,并利用VISSIM 软件对优化方案与原方案进行仿真对比. 此外,分析了机场收费站全天的车辆到达规律,讨论不同车辆到达率与ETC使用率下的车道组合方案. 结果表明,所提方法能有效地缓解收费站拥堵,合理控制成本,对收费站车道改建与收费员排班具有指导意义.     

城市中心商业区停车场ETC系统应用与评价

ETC不停车收费系统不仅应用在高速公路,同样也可以在城市中心商业区停车场发挥作用。借鉴高速公路ETC收费系统的工作原理,设计城市中心商业区停车场ETC系统架构。采用定性分析和模糊层次综合评价方法进行评价,商业区停车场ETC系统的社会经济效益体现在停车场收费经营者的效益、停车使用者的效益以及非使用者的效益上,当前城市中心商业区停车场ETC系统的应用评价为良好水平。该系统是对高速公路ETC的创新应用,还有待进一步提高。     

收费公路PPP项目运营期收益调节的期权价值分析

收费公路PPP项目在项目运营过程中,CPI的变化影响项目的收益.在项目谈判阶段,分析CPI对项目收益的影响方式,依据PPP项目的风险共担、收益共享原则,对CPI影响下的社会资本收益不足或超额收益设定收益调节方法,能保障政府和社会资本双方收益、实现双方共赢.本文研究CPI对收费公路PPP项目运营期间收益的影响,提出能体现PPP项目投资回报机制的收益补偿和超额收益分享要求的应对CPI变化的收益调节模型,并用实物期权理论评价模型的期权价值.实证表明,收益调节模型能保障社会资本在收费公路PPP项目运营中的收益,并可以为政府和社会资本的合理决策提供参考,实现合作共赢.     

高速公路ETC车道车辆通行速度提高途径分析和研究

针对高速公路电子不停车收费（ETC）系统提升车辆通行速度的需求,首先分析车道布局和交易时间对通行速度的影响,然后研究车道设备、通信设备、通信接口的升级可行性和对通行速度提升的改善程度,最后提出实施高速公路ETC车道提速方案的若干建议,其对于提高高速公路ETC系统的服务质量和运营管理水平有借鉴意义和参考价值。     

计重收费数据处理与费率模拟

结合计重收费交通量采集数据及联网中心收费数据的特点,基于C／S模式,采用SQL Sorvor数据库,设计了一个计重收费交通量数据处理及费率模拟系统,并进行了工程实现．论文首先描述了系统功能,给出数据流程：其次从数据导入、数据匹配、数据库访问、动态SQL语句及费率模拟等五个方面阐述了系统关键技术;最后通过实际的费率模拟结果表明该系统能够实现计重收费交通量采集数据与联网收费数据的处理,为计重收费费率标准的确定提供科学的依据．     

Introducing congestion pricing on a new toll road

This paper proposes a demonstration project to test the effectiveness of congestion pricing in an urban area. It reviews the general theoretical case for such pricing and summarizes recent international interest in congestion pricing. Next, it sets forth the reasons why demonstration projects are needed, both to add to our knowledge about how effective congestion pricing may prove to be, and to address political and other public-acceptance barriers to implementation of the concept. The paper then defines a specific proposed test site for congestion pricing: a new toll road being planned for Orange County, California. It is proposed that instead of charging flat-rate tolls, the transportation agency could charge peak and off-peak tolls, increasing the level of the peak charge each year over a period of up to 10 years unless or until toll revenues decline below the levels forecast under the flat-rate toll alternative. Measurements of traffic flow and ride-sharing behavior would be made, as well as calculations of emission-reduction effects. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of marketing and political considerations involved in conducting such a demonstration.Abbreviations ARB Air Resources Board - AVI Automatic Vehicle Identification - CDMG Corridor Design Management Group - HOV High-occupancy vehicle - SJHTC San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor - TCA Transportation Corridor Agency - VMT Vehicle miles traveled     

电子收费系统项目用户满意度的模糊测评

智能运输系统项目用户满意度的测度问题在国内至今尚属一个无人问津的课题。本文以电子收费系统(ETC)项目为研究对象,提出了基于感知质量的ETC项目用户满意度模糊测评模型,并通过基于交通仿真软件模拟设计的评价方案,测算出了在不同ETC装备车辆占有率情况下相应的用户满意度指数。该模型方法为国家和地方政府的交通运输部门深入了解ETC项目可能给用户带来的各方面影响提供定量支持。