Cost-effectiveness of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from High-Speed Rail and urban transportation projects in California

A rising trend in state and federal transportation finance is to invest capital dollars into projects which reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, a key metric for comparing projects, the cost-effectiveness of GHG emissions reductions, is highly dependent on the cost-benefit methodology employed in the analysis. Our analysis comparing California High-Speed Rail and three urban transportation projects shows how four different accounting framings bring wide variations in cost per metric tonne of GHG emissions reduced. In our analysis, life-cycle GHG emissions are joined with full cost accounting to better understand the benefits of cap-and-trade investments. Considering only public subsidy for capital, none of the projects appear to be a cost-effective means to reduce GHG emissions (i.e., relative to the current price of GHG emissions in California’s cap-and-trade program at $12.21 per tonne). However, after adjusting for the change in private costs users incur when switching from the counterfactual mode (automobile or aircraft) to the mode enabled by the project, all investments appear to reduce GHG emissions at a net savings to the public. Policy and decision-makers who consider only the capital cost of new transportation projects can be expected to incorrectly assess alternatives and indirect benefits (i.e., how travelers adapt to the new mass transit alternative) should be included in decision-making processes.     

城市轨道交通项目后评价体系研究

分析我国城市轨道交通项目后评价的研究现状,建立城市轨道交通项目后评价体系,包括过程后评价、效益和影响后评价、可持续性后评价和综合后评价四个部分,并详细介绍各部分内容。     

沥青混凝土路面预防性养护效益计算及参数

路面预养护效益分析是路面预养护技术的核心,是比选预养护方案和确定实施时机的前提。根据美国等路面预养护效益分析的经验,结合我国公路养护技术水平,对沥青混凝土路面预养护效益分析中的效益指标、效益计算基线和预养护时间范围展开了讨论;进而,提出我国现阶段沥青混凝土路面预养护分析中效益指标选用建议和它们计算下基线的参考值,以及预养护时间范围的控制指标和控制标准的建议值。     

公路隧道互补结合竖井送排的改进型混合通风方式研究

针对特长公路隧道常规分段纵向式通风系统运营费用昂贵的问题,提出采用双洞互补与竖井送排相结合的改进型混合通风方式。在理论分析的前提下给出换气横通道与竖井的合理结合方案,详细推导适用于超出常规双洞互补通风方式限制长度的隧道的改进型混合通风方式计算方法;通过比较传统分段通风方式和改进型混合通风方式的交通风与隧道结构利用效率,对改进型混合通风方案的经济效益进行工程实例分析。结果表明：改进型混合通风方式与常规分段纵向式通风方式相比,前者有效地提高了交通风的利用率,降低了由于交通风太过富余而对隧道通风产生的不利影响,同时减少了资源的浪费;在最不利的行车阻滞工况下,改进型混合通风方式需要通过竖井进行送排的风量之和由1 723.06 m³·s^-1降至804.62 m³·s^-1,降幅达53.3％,有效地减少了轴流风机的功率,降低了对竖井的设计要求;在隧道通风最不利工况下,射流风机的配机功率提高了84%,轴流风机配机功率降低了52.4%,虽然射流风机购置费用增加,但总配机功率仍然减少13.1%,极大地节省了运营费用;在土建方面,改进型混合通风方式增加了2个横风道,取消了部分送排联络通道,相互抵消,但竖井的规模减小,土建费用有所下降;改进型混合通风方式增加了2条排烟通道,解决了双洞互补通风方式中火灾排烟困难的问题。     

城市智能交通管理系统效益评价研究

为了更加科学、全面的反应智能交通管理系统建设项目效益,本文提出包括交通运行状况、交通管理效能、交通安全效益和社会经济效益四个维度的评价指标体系,同时,为了保证评价指标体系具有可操作性,引入相关度的概念来量化各项指标与智能交通管理系统各组成之间的相关程度。基于本文的研究成果,可为今后开展智能交通管理系统项目效益评价工作提供借鉴。     

Economic Outcomes for Harvesters under the West Coast Groundfish Trawl Catch Share Program: Have Goals and Objectives Been Met?

Abstract

The West Coast Groundfish Trawl Catch Share Program was designed to achieve multiple economic goals and objectives, including increasing net benefits, profitability, flexibility, and utilization of harvest allocations. In this article, we leverage seven years of comprehensive cost and earnings data to evaluate progress towards these goals with a focus on harvesters. Our assessment shows that five years post-implementation, net benefits to the nation have doubled, and indicators of productivity and profitability have increased. The fleet that targets Pacific whiting has seen the largest gains, due in part to increases in total allowable catch and the elimination of the race-to-fish. However, increased revenues have not been realized to the degree that was expected for harvesters targeting non-whiting groundfish, partly due to lower than predicted consolidation and relatively low quota utilization. Economic outcomes indicate that tradeoffs exist between certain objectives of the program, specifically between achieving full utilization and flexibility for harvesters. Results are discussed in the context of the design and evaluation of catch share programs for diverse, multispecies fisheries.     

Exploring active transportation investments and associated benefits for municipal budgets: a scoping review

Municipalities play an important role in the planning and development of communities that support active transportation (AT), which refers to human-powered modes of travel, such as walking and cycling. Municipal-level stakeholders involved in land-use and transportation infrastructure planning consider multiple social, environmental and economic considerations to inform decision-making and investments in AT. Evidence around the fiscal benefits of AT investment for local governments has not been systematically identified. This scoping review sought to explore the existing evidence regarding investments in AT and opportunities for savings on municipal expenditures and revenue generation. In total, 7060 records were located and screened; of which 162 full-text articles were reviewed. Ultimately, 23 articles met our inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The available evidence focuses on potential economic benefits of AT in the areas of tax revenues, property values, consumer spending and employment, all of which are relevant sources of revenue generation in municipal operating budgets. An evidence gap was identified regarding AT infrastructure investments and benefits corresponding to municipal expenditures (e.g. maintenance cost savings). Notably, a large portion of literature was published after 2009, suggesting that municipal-level evidence on the fiscal benefits of AT investments may just be emerging.     

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通过对ITS 投资项目的费用效益分析的系统研究，提出了建立ITS 投资项目费用效益分析的框架和技术流程的具体步骤，阐述了评价指标的计算方法、方案的可行性评价和方案选优等内容，研究了费用和效益的划分和估计方法. 另外，本文提出了不确定性分析的概念和方法，并对敏感性分析和概率分析进行了重点研究. 结合IDAS 软件，通过示例论述了上述方法的技术实现.     

轨道交通开发利益还原计算方法研究

在介绍以往研究内容的基础上,建立计算轨道交通开发对土地价值增长影响的模型,选取地块中心点离最近的轨道交通车站的距离和离最近的轨道交通换乘站的距离作为模型的自变量,土地价值增长大小作为模型的因变量,并根据已有的调查数据,建立新的地价函数关系模型。该方法提高了模型的适用性,并且能够获得更好的数据结果。     

屏蔽门系统在地铁中的应用前景

结合香港地铁、广州地铁屏蔽门系统的设计实际,阐述屏蔽门系统在地铁中的功能以及社会效益、经济效益,并指出屏蔽门系统在今后地铁新线建设及旧线改造中的应用前景。