优先发展城市公共交通的意义与策略

公共交通作为城市经济和民众生活中最为重要的基础性设施,优先发展城市公共交通更有其重大现实意义.为进一步落实城市公共交通优先发展战略,提高城市公共交通持续发展能力,要做好城市公共交通规划、重视政府在城市公共交通优先发展中的重要地位和作用、提高对公共交通的政策扶持力度、进一步规范公共交通市场行为、提高公共交通企业核心竞争力...     

构建社会主义核心价值体系与大学生思政教育研究

社会主义核心价值体系应成为大学生思政教育的统领。它明确了大学生思政教育的目的和任务,引领着具体的教育内容。同时,借助大学生思政教育的平台,积极参与社会主义核心价值体系的构建,也是高校不容回避的光荣职责,是高校自身传承文化、发展文化的神圣使命。另外,本文还从主渠道、辅助渠道、全员育人等角度分析了高校加强社会主义核心价值教育的有效途径。     

多用户教育博客平台的设计与开发

如何有效地利用博客记录、反思、交互、个性的特质服务于教育教学,是教育领域有着现实意义的课题之一。文章简要分析了建立多用户教育博客平台对辅助教育教学活动进行探索性研究与实践的意义,提出了集博客、论坛、相册、附件等功能于一体的多用户教育博客平台设计方案,并在ASP.NET平台上采用MVC三层架构模式进行开发。     

统一通信平台的优化策略研究

统一通信平台为企业内部提供了可靠的语音、视频及传输功能.针对呼和浩特铁路局科研所建立的统一通信平台,对平台的可靠性、安全性、扩展性、标准化等方面提出策略和建议,以便今后的优化处理.     

“十三五”铁水联运战略研究

"十三五"时期是我国实现全面建成小康社会战略目标决胜期,同时是我国现代物流发展的赶超和跨越时期;国家十分重视综合交通协调发展,大力推行多式联运,提高运输效率。就我国"十三五"期间铁水联运的发展,通过SWOT方法进行分析研究,提出从经营、土地政策、投融资、运力支持、规章制度等方面加大政策支持,建立铁水联运价格形成机制,发挥价格的市场调节作用,借助互联网+技术,切实提高铁水联运信息化水平,整合既有各相关各部门信息系统,大力发展铁水集装箱联运战略。     

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Without questioning the fact that to achieve efficiency emitters should pay for the true costs of their actions (a core principle of economic policies such as pollution taxes), we find sufficient evidence in the literature to demonstrate that many other policy instruments can be used in combination with taxes and permits to ensure that the transport needs of the present generation can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet any needs of their own.The policies and policy aspects considered in this paper broadly fall into three categories: physical policies, soft policies, and knowledge policies. All three aim to bring about changes in consumers’ and firms’ behaviour, but in different ways. The first category includes policies with a physical infrastructure element: public transport, land use, walking and cycling, road construction, and freight transport. We also consider the particular challenges for mobility in developing countries, and how these may be addressed. Soft policies, on the other hand, are non-tangible aiming to bring about behavioural change by informing actors about the consequences of their transport choices, and potentially persuading them to change their behaviour. These measures include car sharing and car pooling, teleworking and teleshopping, eco-driving, as well as general information and advertising campaigns. Finally, knowledge policies emphasise the important role of investment in research and development for a sustainable model of mobility for the future.The main findings can be summarised as follows.

Physical policies

An increase in the use of public transport, combined with a decrease in the use of private cars, can reduce traffic congestion and, more importantly, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, as public transport generally causes lower CO₂ emissions per passenger kilometre than private cars. Public transport fares are subsidised in most places, which can be justified by economies of scale and by the fact that public transport can reduce total road transport externalities. London, Singapore, Portland and Curitiba are all examples of good practice at government level, having achieved reliable, frequent and integrated public transport.Policies to increase public transport use must be part of an integrated policy. Integrated policy refers to integration across different modes of transport, different government objectives (such as the economy, health and the environment), considering the needs of different social groups, and coordinating action between the relevant government institutions. There is evidence that a lack of coordination can jeopardise the achievement of policy objectives.A sustainable model for transport policy also requires integration with land-use policies. These may be somewhat limited within the bounds of existing cities, but as cities grow and new cities are built, urban planners must put more emphasis on land use for sustainable transport in order to reduce congestion and CO₂ emissions. Sustainable land-use policy can direct urban development towards a form that allows public transport as well as walking and cycling to be at the core of urban mobility.Walking and cycling, which improve general health and produce no tailpipe emissions, constitute an excellent alternative to motorised transport on short-distance trips within towns and cities. The policies which can incentivise walking and cycling include crime reduction to make streets safer, well-maintained and clean pavements, attractive street furniture, safe crossings with shorter waiting times, dedicated cycle paths, showers in offices, and lower speed limits, to name but a few.Road construction and expansion used to be seen as one of the most promising ways to reduce traffic congestion. However, in the mid-1990s, the issue was reassessed and it was found that building and expanding roads, increased, rather than decreased, congestion, and ultimately induced higher levels of travel demand. The reason for this is that the extra capacity reduces the general cost of travelling and the less expensive the travel, the more it will be demanded. Regarding freight modal shift, road transport is much more polluting than rail per tonne-km of goods transported and therefore a shift towards greater use of rail in freight transport is desirable. Inadequate infrastructure is the main obstacle preventing this modal shift taking place.Developing countries face great mobility challenges: rural areas are often extremely poorly connected to transport infrastructure, such that, in contrast to the situation in developed countries, the benefits of road construction can strongly outweigh the total costs (including environmental ones). The main challenge, however, is to develop a solution to the problems arising from the combination of urbanisation and motorisation. Integration of transport and land-use policy will be key to rising to this challenge.

Soft policies

Car sharing and car clubs can also potentially reduce CO₂ emissions, although the aggregate reduction in congestion and emissions has not been measured with an adequate degree of precision in the literature. Teleworking and teleshopping can potentially reduce congestion and also CO₂ emissions. However, the evidence for this reduction is rather mixed, as it is unclear whether these measures lead to overall reductions in road transport.Eco-driving campaigns aim to inform and educate drivers in order to induce them to drive in a fuel-efficient and thus environmentally friendly way. There seems to be some consensus in the literature that eco-driving could lead to reductions in CO₂ emissions of around 10 per cent.Information and education policies have often been advocated as instruments which may affect behavioural change. We find in this paper that these types of measures are necessary, but not sufficient for behavioural change. Advertising and marketing may go a long way in changing peoples’ behaviour. In California, for example, Kahn (2007) finds the “Prius” effect: the Toyota Prius is preferred by consumers relative to other similarly green vehicles, probably due to extensive marketing and celebrity endorsements. Family life changes are also found to trigger changes in behaviour ( [Goodwin, 1989] and [106]). People whose lives are being changed by some important development (birth of a child, retirement, etc) tend to respond more to changes in the relative attractiveness of different transport modes. Advertising campaigns promoting a modal shift towards public transport, for instance, may thus be more successful if targeted at people in the process of important life transitions.

Knowledge policies

Research and Development is crucial for developing sustainable and low-carbon transport for the future, and it is essential that governments provide incentives to undertake R&D, so that new low-carbon technologies in the transport sector can be demonstrated and applied at a large scale.Finally, we consider the issue of policy combination and integration. There is evidence that the combination and integration of policies can lead to positive side-effects and synergies. Policy integration is crucial in order to rise to the challenges we face in moving towards a sustainable mobility model. We conclude that classical economic policies may be successfully combined with a number of policy measures discussed in this paper in order to achieve sustainability in transport.     

推动容县农村客运健康快速发展的对策思考

文章结合容县农村客运现状,分析了农村客运发展存在的问题与原因,提出了发展农村客运的对策与保障措施。     

智能网联汽车课程问题引导法授课模式探究

未来智能网联汽车市场潜力巨大,人才紧缺已成为制约该行业发展的重要因素.针对当前我国高等职业教育智能网联汽车授课以教师讲授为主,学生参与度不高的现状,提出将"问题引导法"应用于智能网联汽车课程教学,充分的课前准备、合理的创设问题、科学的课堂引导、及时的课后总结是保障教学质量的关键.实践表明,问题引导法在高职智能网联汽车课...     

Strategic beliefs of port authorities

Over the last decade, insights from the strategic management discipline have increasingly been applied to ports. A review of literature shows that in the analysis of port authority strategy, mainly outside-in approaches are applied. This paper adds to the emerging understanding of the port authority’s strategy by applying a cognitive perspective. Specifically, the strategic cognition of firms’ executives is one of the explanatory variables behind firms’ strategic decisions. Furthermore, cognitions are influenced by the organisational contexts in which port authority executives have worked. As a result, managerial “mental maps’ may vary across industry contexts and over time. This research investigates the strategic cognition of a global set of port authority executives through a survey-based instrument. The results show that, to a large extent, PAs resemble “regular” for-profit companies, but that they possess some specific beliefs that distinguish them from “regular” companies.     

我国铁路铁矿石运输发展对策研究

随着运输结构调整的不断深入,"公转铁"运量持续增加,我国铁矿石运输发展对铁路货运增量具有重要意义.阐述我国铁矿石市场产需运现状,分析铁矿石铁路运输情况,针对当前铁路铁矿石运输存在的问题,提出我国铁路铁矿石运输发展对策措施,即:加强港口后方通道衔接,提高海铁联运比重;推进企业专用线建设,强化铁路"门到门"服务;积极推进"...