关于提高高职院校大学生职业发展教育课程实效性的思考

随着社会就业形势的日益严峻,以及国家对毕业生就业质量的日益重视,为提高对毕业生的就业服务质量,进而提高毕业生的就业率,各大高校都逐步开设了大学生职业发展与就业指导课程。笔者作为较早投身于该课程教学的一线教师,经过几年的教学实践以及对教学实践的不断思考,拟针对高职院校大学生职业发展与就业指导课程实施中存在的主要问题以及解决策略提出一些观点,进而为提高该课程的实效性提供参考。     

国际物流信息化发展分析

国际物流信息利用对信息的收集、传输及处理,使信息产生增值,产生信息的放大作用,实现信息的使用价值。从国际物流现状分析入手,介绍信息技术在国际物流中的应用、国际物流信息化对国际物流的影响,然后具体分析国际物流信息化发展中存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出解决措施。     

构建社会主义核心价值体系与大学生思政教育研究

社会主义核心价值体系应成为大学生思政教育的统领。它明确了大学生思政教育的目的和任务,引领着具体的教育内容。同时,借助大学生思政教育的平台,积极参与社会主义核心价值体系的构建,也是高校不容回避的光荣职责,是高校自身传承文化、发展文化的神圣使命。另外,本文还从主渠道、辅助渠道、全员育人等角度分析了高校加强社会主义核心价值教育的有效途径。     

多用户教育博客平台的设计与开发

如何有效地利用博客记录、反思、交互、个性的特质服务于教育教学,是教育领域有着现实意义的课题之一。文章简要分析了建立多用户教育博客平台对辅助教育教学活动进行探索性研究与实践的意义,提出了集博客、论坛、相册、附件等功能于一体的多用户教育博客平台设计方案,并在ASP.NET平台上采用MVC三层架构模式进行开发。     

铁路信息化发展战略规划研究

铁路信息化建设是铁路跨越式发展的重要组成部分，在铁路跨越式发展中起着关键性和基础性作用，实现我国铁路运输组织智能化、客货营销社会化、经营管理现代化是铁路信息化建设的目标。在阐述铁路信息化建设现状和成就的基础上，分析了我国铁路信息化建设中存在的问题，重点探讨了铁路信息化战略规划的原则、总体目标、体系架构、公共基础平台及信息化近期实施策略。     

智能网联汽车课程问题引导法授课模式探究

未来智能网联汽车市场潜力巨大,人才紧缺已成为制约该行业发展的重要因素.针对当前我国高等职业教育智能网联汽车授课以教师讲授为主,学生参与度不高的现状,提出将"问题引导法"应用于智能网联汽车课程教学,充分的课前准备、合理的创设问题、科学的课堂引导、及时的课后总结是保障教学质量的关键.实践表明,问题引导法在高职智能网联汽车课...     

蔡元培人才培养观对当代高校素质教育的启示

一代教育家蔡元培,在人才培养方面有其独到的思想观点,其中很重要几点是:包括健全学生人格、重视体育教育、增长知识技能、加强艺术审美修养等在内的全面发展的思想;对人生观价值观教育的重视,并将个人的人生观价值观定位于从属社会价值;在教育方法上重视心理学的运用等.这些思想对当代高校素质教育有着十分重要的启示作用.     

基于信息素养教育的文献检索课程的教学改革

文献检索课的培养目的应该定位在信息素养教育上,培养学生对信息的搜集、整理、利用能力是文献检索课的全新理念。拓展教育内容,改变教学方法,评价标准和提高教师信息素养均为改革文献检索课教学和加强信息素养教育的有效途径。     

海上航标的信息化表述方法

航标是海上交通运输的重要设施,航标的信息化应用对海上航行和支持国家经济建设具有重要意义。对航标的类型、作用进行了一般性的论述,分析了航标功能作用的各种物理特性表达方式,以海上航标为例描述了应用层面对功能作用的不同物理特性表现形式,探讨了航标信息化过程中的数字化和可视化表述方法,最后阐述了航标信息系统中表述方法的多样性和选用原则。     

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Without questioning the fact that to achieve efficiency emitters should pay for the true costs of their actions (a core principle of economic policies such as pollution taxes), we find sufficient evidence in the literature to demonstrate that many other policy instruments can be used in combination with taxes and permits to ensure that the transport needs of the present generation can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet any needs of their own.The policies and policy aspects considered in this paper broadly fall into three categories: physical policies, soft policies, and knowledge policies. All three aim to bring about changes in consumers’ and firms’ behaviour, but in different ways. The first category includes policies with a physical infrastructure element: public transport, land use, walking and cycling, road construction, and freight transport. We also consider the particular challenges for mobility in developing countries, and how these may be addressed. Soft policies, on the other hand, are non-tangible aiming to bring about behavioural change by informing actors about the consequences of their transport choices, and potentially persuading them to change their behaviour. These measures include car sharing and car pooling, teleworking and teleshopping, eco-driving, as well as general information and advertising campaigns. Finally, knowledge policies emphasise the important role of investment in research and development for a sustainable model of mobility for the future.The main findings can be summarised as follows.

Physical policies

An increase in the use of public transport, combined with a decrease in the use of private cars, can reduce traffic congestion and, more importantly, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, as public transport generally causes lower CO₂ emissions per passenger kilometre than private cars. Public transport fares are subsidised in most places, which can be justified by economies of scale and by the fact that public transport can reduce total road transport externalities. London, Singapore, Portland and Curitiba are all examples of good practice at government level, having achieved reliable, frequent and integrated public transport.Policies to increase public transport use must be part of an integrated policy. Integrated policy refers to integration across different modes of transport, different government objectives (such as the economy, health and the environment), considering the needs of different social groups, and coordinating action between the relevant government institutions. There is evidence that a lack of coordination can jeopardise the achievement of policy objectives.A sustainable model for transport policy also requires integration with land-use policies. These may be somewhat limited within the bounds of existing cities, but as cities grow and new cities are built, urban planners must put more emphasis on land use for sustainable transport in order to reduce congestion and CO₂ emissions. Sustainable land-use policy can direct urban development towards a form that allows public transport as well as walking and cycling to be at the core of urban mobility.Walking and cycling, which improve general health and produce no tailpipe emissions, constitute an excellent alternative to motorised transport on short-distance trips within towns and cities. The policies which can incentivise walking and cycling include crime reduction to make streets safer, well-maintained and clean pavements, attractive street furniture, safe crossings with shorter waiting times, dedicated cycle paths, showers in offices, and lower speed limits, to name but a few.Road construction and expansion used to be seen as one of the most promising ways to reduce traffic congestion. However, in the mid-1990s, the issue was reassessed and it was found that building and expanding roads, increased, rather than decreased, congestion, and ultimately induced higher levels of travel demand. The reason for this is that the extra capacity reduces the general cost of travelling and the less expensive the travel, the more it will be demanded. Regarding freight modal shift, road transport is much more polluting than rail per tonne-km of goods transported and therefore a shift towards greater use of rail in freight transport is desirable. Inadequate infrastructure is the main obstacle preventing this modal shift taking place.Developing countries face great mobility challenges: rural areas are often extremely poorly connected to transport infrastructure, such that, in contrast to the situation in developed countries, the benefits of road construction can strongly outweigh the total costs (including environmental ones). The main challenge, however, is to develop a solution to the problems arising from the combination of urbanisation and motorisation. Integration of transport and land-use policy will be key to rising to this challenge.

Soft policies

Car sharing and car clubs can also potentially reduce CO₂ emissions, although the aggregate reduction in congestion and emissions has not been measured with an adequate degree of precision in the literature. Teleworking and teleshopping can potentially reduce congestion and also CO₂ emissions. However, the evidence for this reduction is rather mixed, as it is unclear whether these measures lead to overall reductions in road transport.Eco-driving campaigns aim to inform and educate drivers in order to induce them to drive in a fuel-efficient and thus environmentally friendly way. There seems to be some consensus in the literature that eco-driving could lead to reductions in CO₂ emissions of around 10 per cent.Information and education policies have often been advocated as instruments which may affect behavioural change. We find in this paper that these types of measures are necessary, but not sufficient for behavioural change. Advertising and marketing may go a long way in changing peoples’ behaviour. In California, for example, Kahn (2007) finds the “Prius” effect: the Toyota Prius is preferred by consumers relative to other similarly green vehicles, probably due to extensive marketing and celebrity endorsements. Family life changes are also found to trigger changes in behaviour ( [Goodwin, 1989] and [106]). People whose lives are being changed by some important development (birth of a child, retirement, etc) tend to respond more to changes in the relative attractiveness of different transport modes. Advertising campaigns promoting a modal shift towards public transport, for instance, may thus be more successful if targeted at people in the process of important life transitions.

Knowledge policies

Research and Development is crucial for developing sustainable and low-carbon transport for the future, and it is essential that governments provide incentives to undertake R&D, so that new low-carbon technologies in the transport sector can be demonstrated and applied at a large scale.Finally, we consider the issue of policy combination and integration. There is evidence that the combination and integration of policies can lead to positive side-effects and synergies. Policy integration is crucial in order to rise to the challenges we face in moving towards a sustainable mobility model. We conclude that classical economic policies may be successfully combined with a number of policy measures discussed in this paper in order to achieve sustainability in transport.