浅谈高速公路沿线服务区设计

对高速公路沿线服务区的设计进行了阐述。     

Air transportation in a carbon constrained world: Long-term dynamics of policies and strategies for mitigating the carbon footprint of commercial aviation

With increasing demand for air transportation worldwide and decreasing marginal fuel efficiency improvements, the contribution of aviation to climate change relative to other sectors is projected to increase in the future. As a result, growing public and political pressures are likely to further target air transportation to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The key challenges faced by policy makers and air transportation industry stakeholders is to reduce aviation greenhouse gas emissions while sustaining mobility for passengers and time-sensitive cargo as well as meeting future demand for air transportation in developing and emerging countries. This paper examines five generic policies for reducing the emissions of commercial aviation; (1) technological efficiency improvements, (2) operational efficiency improvements, (3) use of alternative fuels, (4) demand shift and (5) carbon pricing (i.e. market-based incentives). In order to evaluate the impacts of these policies on total emissions, air transport mobility, airfares and airline profitability, a system dynamics modeling approach was used. The Global Aviation Industry Dynamics (GAID) model captures the systemic interactions and the delayed feedbacks in the air transportation system and allows scenarios testing through simulations. For this analysis, a set of 34 scenarios with various levels of aggressiveness along the five generic policies were simulated and tested. It was found that no single policy can maintain emissions levels steady while increasing projected demand for air transportation. Simulation results suggest that a combination of the proposed policies does produce results that are close to a “weak” sustainability definition of increasing supply to meet new demand needs while maintaining constant or increasing slightly emissions levels. A combination of policies that includes aggressive levels of technological and operations efficiency improvements, use of biofuels along with moderate levels of carbon pricing and short-haul demand shifts efforts achieves a 140% increase in capacity in 2024 over 2004 while only increasing emissions by 20% over 2004. In addition, airline profitability is moderately impacted (10% reduction) compared to other scenarios where profitability is reduced by over 50% which pose a threat to necessary investments and the implementation of mitigating measures to reduce CO2 emissions. This study has shown that an approach based on a portfolio of mitigating measures and policies spanning across technology and operational improvements, use of biofuels, demand shift and carbon pricing is required to transition the air transportation industry close to an operating point of environmental and mobility sustainability.     

基于母船搭载多艘小艇新型收放模式研究

如今越来越多的用户提出了母船搭载多艘小艇在超过4级以上海况安全收放小艇作业的需求,因传统小艇收放模式的应用局限性,已难以满足新的要求。本文对传统收放模式特点进行分解研究,结合用户需求和使用环境特点,提出一种吊篮式新型小艇收放模式,并简要介绍了其构成、特点及新型装置研制实施方案。     

天然气汽车的应用

由于汽车尾气排放对环境造成的污染日益严重,以及石油资源逐渐减少,很多国家都在大力发展新能源汽车。天然气汽车与燃油汽车相比,能大大地减少污染物排放,具有良好的环保性、经济性及安全性,在国内外有着成熟而广泛的应用,是改善城市大气环境快捷有效途径。因此,为减少对石油的依赖以及机动车尾气造成的大气污染,推广天然气汽车的力度还需进一步加大,在尽可能短的时间内培养出一个比较成熟的天然气汽车市场,为实现可持续发展提供保证。     

沥青路面高温稳定性影响因素分析

对沥青路面的高温稳定性从内因和外因方面进行了定性分析,并采用有限元分析的方法对几种路面结构变形进行了定量分析,找出车辙产生的原因,为工程设计、施工、管理中如何减少车辙的发生提供必要的参考。     

在南海环境条件下深水典型TLP的运动响应分析

以南海LW3-1气田为目标,完成了TLP的概念设计.为了验证TLP的运动性能,应用海洋工程专用软件SESAM,对TLP系统进行了时域耦合分析.分析所采用的环境参数为南海百年一遇和一年一遇环境参数.为了获得较为准确的结果,包括TLP、张力腿和立管在内的所有组成部分都进行了模拟.先用WADAM软件,进行频域分析,获得所需要的水动力参数,包括:运动响应幅算子、附加质量、势能阻尼、静回复力以及一阶和二阶激励力等.再用DeepC程序进行时域耦合分析,建立TLP系统模型以及环境模型计算,结果表明该TLP在南海环境条件下具有良好的运动性能,满足设计要求.     

城市中心区地铁联络线规划设计方案优化研究——以广州地铁11、13号线天河公园换乘站联络线为例

广州地铁11、13号线天河公园站地处广州市中心区,密集的建筑物、复杂的设计施工条件及较高的环境要求很大程度地限制了广州地铁11、13号线天河公园站联络线规划设计自由度。在分析原联络线方案存在问题基础上,提出采用大半径曲线使之适应盾构法施工条件和采用小半径曲线使之降低矿山法涌水涌砂施工风险两个优化联络线方案的思路,并从联络线条件、对周边环境的影响、工程风险和工程投资等方面进行比选优化研究,曲线半径为200 m的联络线方案因具有较好的技术经济效益而被推荐。研究方法及结论对高环境要求下的城市中心区地铁联络线的规划设计具有借鉴意义。最后总结城市中心区地铁联络线规划设计中应综合考虑的因素,确保最终推荐的工程方案合理可行。     

Behavioural economics,travel behaviour and environmental-transport policy

The transport sector creates much environmental pressure. Many current policies aimed at reducing this pressure are not fully effective because the behavioural aspects of travellers are insufficiently recognised. Insights from behavioural economics can contribute to a better understanding of travel behaviour and choices, and the impact of these on policies. Nevertheless, few studies have examined this issue. We review these and provide a broader, more encompassing perspective on environmental policy focused on transport, and taking into account bounded rationality as well as social preferences.     

Objective correlates and determinants of bicycle commuting propensity in an urban environment

ObjectiveBicycle use for commuting is being encouraged not only to address physical inactivity, but also vehicular congestion, air pollution and climate change. The current study aimed to ascertain the urban environmental correlates and determinants of bicycle use for commuting (bicycle commuting) among the working or studying population in Barcelona, Spain.MethodsAdults (n = 769; 52% females) recruited whilst commuting within Barcelona (Spain) responded to a comprehensive telephone survey concerning their travel behaviour. Based upon responses collected from June 2011 to May 2012, participants were categorised into four groups: frequent bicyclists, infrequent bicyclists, willing non-bicyclists, and unwilling non-bicyclists. The determinants of frequency and willingness (propensity) to commute by bicycle were assessed by multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders and covariates.ResultsThe number of public bicycle stations surrounding the home address and amount of greenness surrounding the work/study address were significant positive determinants of bicycle commuting propensity. On the other hand, the number of public transport stations surrounding the home address and elevation of the work/study address were significant negative determinants of bicycle commuting propensity. Individual age, education level, gender, nationality, physical activity level and commute distance significantly affected this propensity.ConclusionGreater availability of public bicycle stations and higher levels of urban greenness may increase bicycle use by adults commuting within a city such as Barcelona, Spain. Electrically-assisted public bicycles may address the challenge of elevation, making this system a more competitive mode against traditional motorised public transport.     

How does air pollution influence cycling behaviour? Evidence from Beijing

It is widely believed air pollution is an obstacle to cycling as it has negative effects on cyclists’ health outcomes and deteriorates their cycling experiences. However, the empirical studies investigating the impact of air pollution on cycling behaviour remains scarce. The aim of this paper is to fill the gap by looking at Beijing as a case study. The authors conducted a survey of 307 cyclists on the days with different levels of air quality in terms of concentration of PM_2.5 in 2015. The results show that in the polluted weather, those who persist in cycling are more likely to be male, over 30 years old, lower income or those who travel short distances. Specifically, female cyclists have a higher tendency to shift from cycling to public transit than the males and medium and high-income earners are more likely to shift to using a car than low income earners. The residents’ subjective perceptions of safety and comfort have major effects on their cycling behaviour. A higher perception of comfort and safety is related to a higher possibility of continuing cycling when air quality became polluted. Cycling for commuting trips is less likely to be replaced by other modes than cycling for non-commuting trips, such as shopping. Results of this study reveal that improving air quality in a metropolitan area such as Beijing has co-benefits of cycling renaissance. The huge investments into cycling infrastructure should be integrated with policies designed to create an attractive environment for cycling.