Urban travel time reliability at different traffic conditions

The decision making of travelers for route choice and departure time choice depends on the expected travel time and its reliability. A common understanding of reliability is that it is related to several statistical properties of the travel time distribution, especially to the standard deviation of the travel time and also to the skewness. For an important corridor in Changsha (P.R. China) the travel time reliability has been evaluated and a linear model is proposed for the relationship between travel time, standard deviation, skewness, and some other traffic characteristics. Statistical analysis is done for both simulation data from a delay distribution model and for real life data from automated number plate recognition (ANPR) cameras. ANPR data give unbiased travel time data, which is more representative than probe vehicles. The relationship between the mean travel time and its standard deviation is verified with an analytical model for travel time distributions as well as with the ANPR travel times. Average travel time and the standard deviation are linearly correlated for single links as well as corridors. Other influence factors are related to skewness and travel time standard deviations, such as vehicle density and degree of saturation. Skewness appears to be less well to explain from traffic characteristics than the standard deviation is.     

A stochastic analysis of highway capacity: Empirical evidence and implications

This paper presents a stochastic characterization of highway capacity and explores its implications on ramp metering control at the corridor level. The stochastic variation of highway capacity is captured through a Space–Time Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (STARIMA) model. It is identified following a Seasonal STARIMA model (0, 0, 2₃) × (0, 1, 0)₂, which indicates that the capacities of adjacent locations are spatially–temporally correlated. Hourly capacity patterns further verify the stochastic nature of highway capacity. The goal of this paper is to study (1) how to take advantage of the extra information, such as capacity variation, and (2) what benefits can be gained from stochastic capacity modeling. The implication of stochastic capacity is investigated through a ramp metering case study. A mean–standard deviation formulation of capacity is proposed to achieve the trade-off between traffic operation efficiency and robustness. Following that, a modified stochastic capacity-constraint ZONE ramp metering scheme embedded cell transmission model algorithm is introduced. The numerical experiment suggests that considering capacity variation information would alleviate the spillback effect and improve throughput. Monte Carlo simulation further supports this argument. This study helps verify and characterize the stochastic nature of capacity, validates the benefits of using capacity variation information, and thus enhances the necessity of implementing stochastic capacity in traffic operation.     

基于平整度的CRCP冲断区域维修标准研究

为了获得连续配筋混凝土路面冲断区域维修标准,本文首先建立冲断区域人-车-路耦合振动模型,然后利用传递矩阵法结合Matlab软件对振动方程进行求解,以获得乘客加速度随时间的变化和最大瞬态振动值(MTVV).研究发现:一定条件下车辆经过冲断区域时,其在做振幅减小的简谐振动;当车辆进入冲断区域0.22 s时乘客加速度最大,其值为1.57 m/s2.最后,考虑行车舒适性以最大瞬态振动值作为行驶舒适性评价指标,提出冲断区域维修标准的确定方法和步骤,并给出了相应算例.     

汽车起动机衬套的使用

介绍起动机衬套的种类、安装位置、配合间隙，例举因衬套引发故障的现象、故障点及排除方法，列表给出了市场上90％型号衬套的适用车型。     

浅析国际货运代理人法律地位认定的若干标准

确定国际货运代理企业的法律地位并依其法律地位承担相应的责任和义务,是我们参与到国际货运游戏规则中的必要条件。本文就中国际货运代理人的法律地位认定的几个标准进行分析,以便国际货运代理人明确其法律责任意识,建立起更好的风险防范机制,实现更安全健康的发展。     

沈局重点工业污染源确定原则和评价方法的探讨

根据沈局污染源管理的需要,对沈局污染源进行了重新评价,制定了确定重点工业污染源的3项原则:依量原则;依害原则;依位原则.遵循3项原则,我们选择了新的污染源评价方法,即对等标污染负荷法进行了加权处理.处理后的评价方法能够较为全面地反映污染源的潜在污染能力,是确定重点工业污染源的直接依据.     

租约与战争风险

随着恐怖分子对美国的袭击及其后战争风险的加剧,战争风险问题已成为航运业的热门话题,船舶所有人除了要面对海上保险业中愈来愈苛刻的战争保险条款,更要面对租约中变化多端的战争条款。二战后,BIMCO推荐的各种标准战争条款(例如Voywar条款和Conwartime条款)已被广泛地采用;然而实践也表明,BIMCO标准的战争条款并不能涵盖所有的战争风险,作为船舶所有人若知道船舶将进入战区,对BIMCO标准战争条款的内容根据实际情况进行重新设计是必要的,但这要建立在对BIMCO标准战争条款仔细研究的基础上。本文将以BIMCO标准战争条款(Voywar1993和Conwartime1993)为基础,对几种常用的标准战争条款做一评析和比较。     

加快构建我国铁路工程建设新的建设技术标准体系

近年来，随着我国各项事业的全面发展，铁路这一国民经济大动脉在国家经济和社会发展中的地位和作用日益突出，铁路发展进入前所未有的黄金机遇期，铁路建设随之呈现出蓬勃发展的趋势。原有的铁路建设技术标准已不能适应铁路发展的需要，因此加快构建我国铁路工程建设的新的建设技术标准体系就势在必行。本文从建设世界一流客运专线的目标着手，对构建新建设标准体系的主要原则、基本框架、主要内容，以及与以往标准体系的不同之处进行了详细阐述。并针对当前存在的主要问题，在落实建设标准工作方面，提出了指导措施，主要表现在：（1）进一步完善标准体系；（2）加强标准系统性和协调性；（3）突出标准的针对性和时效性；（4）加快引进消化吸收再创新成果标准转化；（5）下大气力节省投资、降低造价；（6）进一步加强基础性理论性研究工作。本文特此刊出，以期对实际工作有所指导。     

视频图像压缩编码标准分析

模拟视频数字化后,数据量巨大。在对其进行实时处理时,对存储容量、传输带宽及计算机的处理能力提出了不切实际的要求,从而使数字化成为不可能。因此,可采用数据压缩技术,将那些对人眼感知图像不太重要的东西和图像中的冗余成分抛弃,从而缩减存储、传输和处理的数据量。这样就出现一系列的视频压缩编码标准。就视频压缩标准,以及图像压缩中所采用的相关技术进行介绍,并重点对MPEG4的原理进行讲解。     

船舶污水处理系统的技术方案

船舶污水处理系统的处理及排放通常按国际防污染公约执行。随着环保意识的增强，国际防污染公约不断修订，各地区制订了许多地方性排污法规，极大地限制了船舶污水的处理及排放，污水系统的设计和使用都面临着新的变革。通过对国际防污染公约及各地方污水排放标准的分析，阐述船舶污水排放要求及其发展，根据船舶污水排放受到国际公约与地方法规之间的不同限制，提出船舶油污水、黑水、厨房灰水、洗涤灰水系统排放、收集、处理方案，按照水域的不同，采取直接排放、处理或贮存等措施，以实现船舶污水达到处理排放直至零排放的目标，更好地保护海洋生态环境。