Gas transfer velocities of CO2 and CH4 in a tropical reservoir and its river downstream

We have measured simultaneously the methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) surface concentrations and water–air fluxes by floating chambers (FC) in the Petit-Saut Reservoir (French Guiana) and its tidal river (Sinnamary River) downstream of the dam, during the two field experiments in wet (May 2003) and dry season (December 2003). The eddy covariance (EC) technique was also used for CO₂ fluxes on the lake. The comparison of fluxes obtained by FC and EC showed little discrepancies mainly due to differences in measurements durations which resulted in different average wind speeds. When comparing the gas transfer velocity (k₆₀₀) for a given wind speed, both methods gave similar results. On the lake and excluding rainy events, we obtained an exponential relationship between k₆₀₀ and U₁₀, with a significant intercept at 1.7 cm h^− 1, probably due to thermal effects. Gas transfer velocity was also positively related to rainfall rates reaching 26.5 cm h⁻¹ for a rainfall rate of 36 mm h^− 1. During a 24-h experiment in dry season, rainfall accounted for as much as 25% of the k₆₀₀. In the river downstream of the dam, k₆₀₀ values were 3 to 4 times higher than on the lake, and followed a linear relationship with U₁₀.     

Comparison of HC species from diesel combustion modes and characterization of a heat-up doc formulation

This study summarizes engine speed and load effects on HC species emissions from premixed charge compression ignition (PCI) and conventional diesel combustion, and it evaluates diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) formulations on a gas flow reactor for the purpose of diesel particulate filter regeneration or lean NO_x trap desulfation. HC emissions are sampled simultaneously by a Tedlar bag for light HC species and by a Tenax TA™ adsorption trap for semi-volatile HC species, and they are analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The bulk temperature and residence time during combustion are key parameters that are important for understanding the effects of speed and load on engine-out HC emissions. The degree of post-flame oxidation is higher in PCI than in conventional combustion, and it is increased for PCI with a higher speed and load, as indicated by a lower fuel alkanes/THC ratio, a higher alkenes/fuel alkanes ratio, and a higher methane/THC ratio. Ethene and n-undecane are two representative HC species, and they are used as a surrogate mixture in the gas flow reactor to simulate PCI and conventional combustion with in-cylinder post fuel injection. Among the three DOC formulations tested, the catalyst with constituent precious metals of platinum and palladium (PtPd) showed the best light-off performance, followed by PtPd with an addition of cerium dioxide (PtPd+CeO₂), and platinum (Pt), regardless of exhaust compositions. Conventional combustion exhaust composition shows a lower light-off temperature than that of PCI, regardless of catalyst formulation.     

清障车作业装置常见的结构形式和应用

清障车是装备有起重、托举、拖曳等设备,用于清除道路障碍物的专用汽车。分别介绍了托吊分离型、托吊联体型和平板背拖型清障车作业装置常见的结构形式和应用。     

燃气热泵的经济性分析

利用热经济学的研究方法对燃气热泵和其它几种常规空调方式的经济性进行了研究比较,并就能源价格变化对经济性的影响进行了研究,获得了适宜燃气热泵推广应用的能源价格范围。结果表明,燃气热泵的年度总成本最低,具有经济性优势。     

高纯六氟化钨的分析方法综述

本文介绍了六氟化钨的性质、应用及目前的发展状况,针对六氟化钨区别于其它电子气体的特殊性质,综述了对其中所含气体杂质和金属粒子的分析方法。六氟化钨中的气体杂质主要包括:四氟化碳、四氟化硅、二氧化碳、六氟化硫、氧气、氮气和一氧化碳,采用加反吹系统的气相色谱法进行分析;氟化氢杂质用傅立叶红外光谱进行分析;六氟化钨中的金属粒子主要有钙、钾、铁、铜和铬等,可以采用原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法和电感耦合等离子质谱法进行测定。     

液化天然气（LNG）拖头在盐田国际码头的应用

为建设绿色港口,进一步节能减排,盐田国际集装箱码头使用液化天然气（LNG）拖头。从技术成熟性、设备的市场供应情况以及安全和成本等几方面综合考虑,制定选用LNG集装箱拖头替代传统的柴油拖头的方案。详细介绍实施这一方案的方法。盐田国际（YICT）是全国第一个采用LNG拖头的码头公司。取得显著成效,可供借鉴。     

地铁互联网票务平台技术方案分析

为实现各种新型互联网支付在地铁的统一应用,分析了建立地铁互联网票务平台的必要性以及平台的总体架构、主要功能、部署方式等。方案表明,互联网票务平台的建设,可以实现地铁各种“互联网+”应用的统一管理,为各种新型互联网支付应用在地铁的快速发展打下坚实基础。     

Optimal development of alternative fuel station networks considering node capacity restrictions

A potential solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector is the use of alternative fuel vehicles (AFV). As global GHG emission standards have been in place for passenger cars for several years, infrastructure modelling for new AFV is an established topic. However, as the regulatory focus shifts towards heavy-duty vehicles (HDV), the market diffusion of AFV-HDV will increase as will planning the relevant AFV infrastructure for HDV. Existing modelling approaches need to be adapted, because the energy demand per individual refill increases significantly for HDV and there are regulatory as well as technical limitations for alternative fuel station (AFS) capacities at the same time. While the current research takes capacity restrictions for single stations into account, capacity limits for locations (i.e. nodes) – the places where refuelling stations are built such as highway entries, exits or intersections – are not yet considered. We extend existing models in this respect and introduce an optimal development for AFS considering (station) location capacity restrictions. The proposed method is applied to a case study of a potential fuel cell heavy-duty vehicle AFS network. We find that the location capacity limit has a major impact on the number of stations required, station utilization and station portfolio variety.     

横洞辅助坑道开挖隧道出砟及衬砌混凝土概算编制

铁建设[2010]223号文发布的《铁路工程预算定额》的新版隧道工程定额,其子目的设置吸纳了先进的施工技术、施工组织模式及工艺工法,体现了进行“四化”施工的要求。那么设计单位的工程经济人员如何正确理解和使用新版隧道定额,尤其是遇到新版定额缺项时如何分析套用相近定额子目,此文结合客运专线某隧道工程,就如何计算开挖正洞隧道出砟和衬砌混凝土的运距、确定工程量、编制概算,进行分析与论述。并针对隧道工程概预算编制中辅助坑道开挖隧道出砟及衬砌混凝土存在的争议,提出见解。     

网络清分模型的验证与修正方法

由于客流调查的局限性、网络乘客出行行为的差异性等因素的影响,需要进一步研究清分模型及客流分布计算结果的准确性及模型中的相关参数.介绍了城市轨道交通现有客票收入清分模型.依托上海轨道交通AFC(自动售检票)系统提供的基础数据,对清分模型参数进行灵敏度分析,提出了提高现有清分准确度的方法和手段.