中英典型交叉口通行能力对比分析及应用

为了缓解日益严重的交通问题,寻求解决道路通行能力低下问题的有效方法,以提高道路利用率.本文通过采集英国3个路口和中国北京10个路口视频数据进行通行能力和饱和流量对比,分析中英差异和原因.在此基础上,定量分析非机动车对北京市交叉口绿灯损失时间的影响,以定量分析非机动车对信号交叉口通行能力和饱和流量的影响.对比结果表明：由于非机动车及行人干扰,中国城市道路交叉口道路利用率要比英国整体低10到20个百分点,这为解决中国城市道路利用率低的问题提供指导方向.最后,通过官园桥的实例,验证该研究成果的科学意义和应用意义.     

基于微观仿真与极值理论的城市交叉口安全评价方法

为了提升中国的道路安全评价水平,提出一种基于微观交通仿真与极值理论相结合的城市交叉口安全评价方法。首先提出一种新的微观交通仿真标定方法,它是以优化冲突参数后侵占时间（Post-encroachment Time,PET）分布作为标定目标,同时将平均排队长度和冲突数量作为约束条件,并使用遗传算法寻找仿真模型中最优驾驶人行为参数的系统性方法。然后引入极值理论中的极大阈值方法（Peaks-over-threshold,POT）,选用PET值作为模型输入指标,对交叉口年平均事故频率进行预测。选取上海市奉贤区的10个交叉口作为案例分析,对交叉口仿真建模后,分别使用基于平均排队长度的传统标定方法、考虑冲突数量的两阶段标定方法和优化PET分布的多约束标定方法进行标定,并使用POT方法获得各交叉口的事故预测值。结果表明：所提方法在相关性检验、相对安全检验和事故预测3个方面显著优于其他2种标定方法;将其与基于实际观测冲突的极值预测进行对比,发现两者在相交冲突和追尾冲突的事故预测上表现均较为良好,而对于换道冲突的预测较为一般;提出的基于微观交通仿真与极值理论的方法是一种可行的、有潜力的城市交叉口安全评价方法。     

Performance evaluation of the inside intersection median-turn lane markings on the mobility and safety performance of signalized intersections in the Philippines and Japan

Signalized intersections are one of the key elements that play a vital role at road networks. The efficiency and safety levels of intersections can affect the operational performance of the whole system. In general, turning traffic, especially median-turning, has always been considered as the most problematic movement in the operation of intersections. This becomes more critical with high turning demand where exclusive turning lanes (single or double) can be assigned to provide larger capacities for these movements and to reduce conflicts with through traffic. However, improper treatment of median-turn lanes could create cross-maneuvering behavior which may limit the expected increase in capacity and create safety issues. Median-turning lane markings are commonly provided at intersections in Japan to guide drivers while turning which is expected to reduce the conflicts among turning traffic. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, exclusive median-turn lanes are installed at intersections without proper treatment which may contribute to the low mobility and safety levels. Therefore, this study evaluated the impact of inside intersection lane markings on the operation of median-turn lanes in terms of mobility and safety. The vehicle maneuver, speed and interactions between the turning traffic were utilized as essential components for the assessment. The empirical analysis shows that conflicting trajectories were present on double turn lanes without median-turn lane markings in the Philippines, which resulted to serious conflicts among the turning vehicles and negatively influenced the turning speed and saturation flow rate of the turn lanes. On the other hand, the turn lane markings in Japan, provided a positive impact to mobility and safety of the turning lanes. Moreover, it was also found that the geometric characteristics and traffic signal phasing scheme highly affects the capacity and safety condition of signalized intersections.     

行人过街信号与交叉口信号的协调控制

通过对现行理想干道典型路段行人交通和机动车交通运行状况分析,在现场实地调查的基础上,运用适合中国交通现况的定时式线控系统理论,对交叉口和人行横道进行信号配时优化.应用结果表明对路段和主线机动车流进行协调控制设计,可以有效减少过街行人对主线车流的干扰,在满足行人过街要求的同时获得较好的主线绿波带宽.     

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客运交通需求预测是道路交通规划的基础.根据开发区道路交通规划一般为宏观控制性规划，及开发区客运交通需求发展不同于一般城市的交通发展的特点，以土地利用规划为基础，按照“宏观控制，局部调整”的预测思路，对常规的“四阶段”模型预测法进行了改进，提出了在没有现状交通出行调查的情况下进行开发区客运交通需求预测的方法.     

信号交叉口进出口段限速标志对运行效率的影响研究

限速标志在对速度管控的同时,对运行效率也有影响。作者以嘉兴市G320-文昌路平面信号交叉口为例,结合实地调研与VISIIM模拟,运用前后对比法分析了该交叉口设置基本路段限速90 km/h和在进口前100米限速70 km/h及全段80 km/h限速两种限速情形下的行程时间、延误时间、排队长度及停车次数的差异。结果表明,在信号交叉口进口范围内设置较基本路段低的限速,对交通安全改善作用不大,还会在一定程度上降低运行效率。     

信号交叉口交通流的数值仿真

通过建立城市道路交叉口交通流黄红灯前后边界条件与计算方法,利用LWR模型描述了交叉口周期性中断交通流.在数值差分模型中,应用仿真时步交叉口状态数组标识交叉口信号灯状态,并依时推进仿真计算.不同于连续交通流,城市道路交叉口交通流根据红绿灯的变换采用各路段分时、分段计算方法突出各子路段在不同信号灯下的不同路权特征,同时在差分计算和边界上考虑不同子路段的相互影响与衔接,整体刻画了交叉口及相关道路交通流的时空变化.算例表明,LWR模型与特殊边界条件结合,并配合基本图的灵活性,在城市道路交通流推算中结果合理可信,模型具有良好应用潜力.     

车联网环境下信号交叉口车速控制策略

为了减轻城市道路上信号交叉口对交通流的阻断,针对车联网环境下个体车辆可 以与路侧设施及交叉口中心控制系统实时信息交互的特征,提出了信号交叉口车速控制策 略,在提高交叉口通行效率的基础上兼顾驾驶舒适性与环境友好性.为验证车速控制模型的有 效性,基于多智能体技术建立了车联网环境下信号交叉口车速控制仿真系统,以典型十字交 叉口为例,模拟对比分析了传统驾驶和车联网2 种环境下车辆通过交叉口的行程时间、燃料消 耗与污染物排放.结果表明,该速度控制策略下车辆通过交叉口的平均行程时间减少了约 60%,燃料消耗减少了约40%,污染物的排放也有显著减少.     

The optimization of lane assignment and signal timing at the tandem intersection with pre‐signal

This paper presents an integrated model for optimizing lane assignment and signal timing at tandem intersection, which is introduced recently. The pre‐signal is utilized in the tandem intersection to reorganize the traffic flow; hence, the vehicles, regardless of whether left‐turns or through vehicles, can be discharged in all the lanes. However, the previous work does not consider the extra traffic disruption and the associated delay caused by the additional pre‐signal. In the paper, the extra delay aroused by the coordination is incorporated in a lane assignment and signal timing optimization model, and the problem is converted into a mixed‐integer non‐linear programming. A feasible directions method is hence introduced to solve the mixed‐integer non‐linear programming. The result of the optimization shows that the performance of the tandem intersection is improved and the average delay is minimized. The comparison between the tandem and the conventional configuration is presented, and the results verify that the former shows better performance than the latter. In addition, the optimal sequence corresponding to the turning proportion and the optimal lane assignment at the upstream approach of the pre‐signal are presented. Furthermore, if the number of lanes is equal in all arms, the paper proves that the average delay will be reduced if lane assignment is proportional to the turning proportion and the vehicles with low proportion are discharged in advance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不规则交叉口无信号渠化设计

随着我国经济水平不断提高,城市人口和汽车数量与日俱增,使城市交通面临日渐繁重的压力,特别是一些不规则的交叉口成了城市交通的瓶颈,形成了新的堵点,给城市的发展造成了严重影响.鉴于此,以南方某市的一个异型交叉口为例,通过交通调查、现状分析,探讨基于创新和以人为本的思路进行渠化设计改造,从而为不规则交叉口优化设计提供借鉴.