三峡水库通航支流实行船舶定线制的必要性和可行性分析

随着三峡工程及一批支流航电枢纽的建设,部分三峡水库通航支流航道条件得到了明显的改善,为改善三峡水库通航支流水域的通航状况,切实解决三峡水库通航支流水域船舶航行、停泊和作业安全出现的新情况,使库区通航支流水上交通事故降低到最小,有必要以三峡水库通航支流水域环境为研究对象,通过对库区航道通航支流水域各种通航条件的深入研究,采取各种措施,确保船舶在三峡水库通航支流航道的安全航行。     

实现精益造船的三结合方法

介绍实现精益造船以产品为导向的工作分解、成组技术、工艺过程线的三结合方法,以及评议精益造船的三个度量标准。     

Are HOV/eco-lanes a sustainable option to reducing emissions in a medium-sized European city?

Innovative traffic management measures are needed to reduce transportation-related emissions. While in Europe, road lane management has focused mainly on introduction of bus lanes, the conversion to High Occupancy Vehicles (HOV) and eco-lanes (lanes dedicated to vehicles running on alternative fuels) has not been studied comprehensively. The objectives of this research are to: (1) Develop an integrated microscopic modeling platform calibrated with real world data to assess both traffic and emissions impacts of future Traffic Management Strategies (TMS) in an urban area; (2) Evaluate the introduction of HOV/eco-lanes in three different types of roads, freeway, arterial and urban routes, in an European medium-sized city and its effects in terms of emissions and traffic performance. The methodology consists of three distinct phases: (a) Traffic and road inventory data collection; (b) Traffic and emissions simulation using an integrated platform of microscopic simulation; and (c) Evaluation of scenarios. For the baseline scenario, the statistical analysis shows valid results. The results show that HOV and eco-lanes in a medium European city are feasible, and when the Average Occupancy of Vehicles (AOV) increases, on freeways, the majority of vehicles can reduce their travel time (2%) with a positive impact in terms of total emissions (−38% NO_x, −39% HC, −43% CO and −37% CO₂). On urban and arterial corridors, the reduction in emissions could be achieved only if the AOV increases from 1.50 to 1.70 passengers/vehicle. Total emissions of the corridor with an AOV of 1.70 passengers/vehicle can be reduced up to 35–36% for the urban route while the values can be reduced by 36–39% for the arterial road. With the introduction of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) and Electric Vehicles (EV) it is possible to reduce emissions, although the introduction of eco-lanes did not show significant reductions in emissions. When both policies are simulated together, an emissions improvement is observed for the arterial route and for two of the scenarios.     

Estimating the bus user time benefits of implementing a median busway: Methodology and case study

This paper presents a general framework to estimate the bus user time benefits of a median busway including the effects on travel time and access time. Unlike previous models, we take into account the effects of geometry and the interaction with the demand structure. Models for predicting the bus in-vehicle time benefits of a median dual carriageway busway against mixed traffic condition on 2 and 3 lanes roads are estimated using data from a case study in Santiago (Chile), using a bus travel time model empirically estimated and considering different base case situations, including mixed traffic operations and bus lanes. Results of the application show that the expected in-vehicle time savings of a median busway might be reduced by access time losses due to increased walking distances and road crossing delays. Also, that net time benefits can vary significantly according to the base situation and the structure of demand considered. These findings point out to the need of including a wider set of impacts when studying the benefits of median busways, beyond in-vehicle time savings only. The empirical work presented here is completely based on passive data coming from GPS and smartcards, what makes easier and cheaper to conduct this type of analysis as well as to do it with a comprehensive scope at an early stage of the development of a BRT project. This framework can be extended to other types of dedicated bus lanes provided that a corresponding bus travel time savings model is available.     

We can all get along: The alignment of driver and bicyclist roadway design preferences in the San Francisco Bay Area

Two trends in the United States—growth in bicycling and enthusiasm for complete streets—suggest a need to understand how various roadway users view roadway designs meant to accommodate multiple modes. While many studies have examined bicyclists’ roadway design preferences, there has been little investigation into the opinions of non-bicyclists who might bicycle in the future. Additionally, little research has explored the preferences of the motorists who share roads with cyclists—despite the fact that motorists compose the vast majority of roadway users in the United States and similarly developed countries.This paper presents results from an internet survey examining perceived comfort while driving and bicycling on various roadways among 265 non-bicycling drivers, bicycling drivers, and non-driving bicyclists in the San Francisco Bay Area. Analysis of variance tests revealed that both drivers and bicyclists are more comfortable on roadways with separated bicycling facilities than those with shared space. In particular, roadways with barrier-separated bicycle lanes were the most popular among all groups, regardless of bicycling frequency. Striped bicycle lanes, a common treatment in the United States, received mixed reviews: a majority of the sample believed that they benefit cyclists and drivers through predictability and legitimacy on the roadway, but the lanes were rated significantly less comfortable than barrier-separated treatments—particularly among potential bicyclists.These findings corroborate research on bicyclists’ preferences for roadway design and contribute a new understanding of motorists’ preferences. They also support the U.S. Federal Highway Administration’s efforts to encourage greater accommodation of bicyclists on urban streets.     

车辆荷载和车道荷载对桥梁结构可靠度的影响

公路桥梁结构的整体计算采用车道荷载,结构的局部计算采用车辆荷载,车辆荷载与车道荷载的作用不得叠加.将采用这2种荷载设计的结构进行可靠度对比,结果表明,按车辆荷载设计的结构满足正常使用功能的可靠度偏低,更容易发生损坏,这些损坏会影响到结构的正常使用.提出通过调整重型车辆通过桥梁时的交通行驶规则,增大结构按正常使用极限状态设计时车辆荷载的代表值,从而提高按车辆荷载设计的结构可靠度.     

爬坡车道、紧急避险车道设计浅谈

根据连霍高速郑州至洛阳段高速公路增设爬坡车道和紧急避险车道的设计体会,小议爬坡车道和紧急避险车道的设计。     

一种虚拟现实的深潜器运动仿真系统

本文提出了一种基于虚拟现实的深潜器运动仿真设计思想。文中简述了该仿真系统的硬件组成和软件体系结构、实时仿真算法以及仿真数学模型,同时也介绍了仿真系统的其它模块,如三维航迹显示模块和避碰检测模块等。文中最后给出了该系统的一些仿真结果和结论。     

基于微观仿真的交叉口车辆能耗与排放研究

为了更加准确地模拟交叉口机动车能耗、排放情况,结合使用微观仿真模型VISSIM与微观能耗、排放模型PERE,构建能够模拟车辆瞬时运行状况与能耗、尾气排放关系的微观模拟平台。选取上海市西藏北路—海宁路交叉口进行实例仿真,通过设置交叉口锯齿形公交优先进口道及改变信号周期,来定量分析对交叉口车辆能耗和排放的影响。结果表明,设置公交专用进口道可使公交车辆总体排放明显下降,但是社会车辆的能耗和排放有所增加;对车均延误、停车次数、能耗与排放都合适的最佳信号周期范围是80～120s。     

公共交通优先发展模式下的道路空间再分配——以北京市旧城为例

北京市旧城内道路空间有限,难以通过新建干路、道路提级、路网加密等规划手段实现公共交通路权分配优先。首先将北京市公交专用车道与国际典型城市进行对比,指出旧城公共交通系统存在的与道路空间密切相关的六方面问题,并提出采用道路空间再分配、先进的ITS技术支持以及多方式服务水平评价的综合对策加以解决。重点围绕道路空间再分配展开探讨,从公交专用车道时空再分配、公共汽车站空间再分配、自行车冲突空间避让三方面详细阐述解决方案。