Why are cities removing their freeways? A systematic review of the literature

ABSTRACT

A scientific consensus has recently emerged suggesting that the dominant twentieth century paradigm of solving transportation congestion problems by building more freeways failed. The legacy of the freeway construction era is clearly visible in polluted and congested cities worldwide. To battle these ills, planning academics have been promoting more sustainable built form aligned with dedicated public/active transport provision. Partly as a result of the push coming from academia, a number of cities have sought to remove their freeways and replace the freed up space with alternate transport infrastructure, such as streets and boulevards. To discern if the transportation planning profession is currently undergoing a paradigm shift or whether freeway removal is merely a temporary fad, we have conducted a systematic review of the literature. In this article, we unpack the underlying reasons which have led some cities to removing their freeways. Results reveal that a paradigm shift has arguably not yet taken place in transportation planning. While many cities are creating human-scale and active transport spaces, currently these spaces tend to coexist alongside freeways. American cities, which were once the pioneers of freeway construction, appear to be lagging behind cities in Europe and Asia in this respect. If the current pace of freeway removal continues, it may take a few decades before the transportation planners, politicians, policy makers, and communities adopt radically different norms, methods, and goals. However, a radical approach may need to be taken sooner given alarming global warming predictions.     

成都等交通物流融合发展经验与广州现代物流中心建设

本文根据实地调研成果,介绍了成都、重庆和郑州在建立健全物流管理体制机制、强化物流枢纽及通道功能、创新物流运输组织模式、物流标准化信息化、物流市场主体及产业培育等方面的先进经验,从加强政府顶层设计、完善物流枢纽和节点体系、促进物流枢纽互联互通、研究物流运输组织服务的新模式、打造“交通+物流+产业”的产业集群、提升物流标准化发展水平、出台促进物流降本增效的政策措施等七个方面总结了强化物流创新要素集聚,促进广州现代物流中心建设的经验和启示。     

Forecasting journey time distribution with consideration to abnormal traffic conditions

Travel time is an important index for managers to evaluate the performance of transportation systems and an intuitive measure for travelers to choose routes and departure times. An important part of the literature focuses on predicting instantaneous travel time under recurrent traffic conditions to disseminate traffic information. However, accurate travel time prediction is important for assessing the effects of abnormal traffic conditions and helping travelers make reliable travel decisions under such conditions. This study proposes an online travel time prediction model with emphasis on capturing the effects of anomalies. The model divides a path into short links. A Functional Principal Component Analysis (FPCA) framework is adopted to forecast link travel times based on historical data and real-time measurements. Furthermore, a probabilistic nested delay operator is used to calculate path travel time distributions. To ensure that the algorithm is fast enough for online applications, parallel computation architecture is introduced to overcome the computational burden of the FPCA. Finally, a rolling horizon structure is applied to online travel time prediction. Empirical results for Guangzhou Airport Expressway indicate that the proposed method can capture an abrupt change in traffic state and provide a promising and reliable travel time prediction at both the link and path levels. In the case where the original FPCA is modified for parallelization, accuracy and computational effort are evaluated and compared with those of the sequential algorithm. The proposed algorithm is found to require only a piece rather than a large set of traffic incident records.     

预应力锚索抗滑桩治理公路高陡边坡的应用

目前治理公路高陡边坡的措施有SNS柔性防护技术、喷锚网支护技术、抗滑桩墙体系等支挡结构，预应力锚索抗滑桩是治理高陡公路边坡一种新型支挡结构，具有受力合理、材料利用率高、经济等特点。分析了预应力锚索抗滑桩加固机理和体系的变形特征特点，并且分别以桩的锚固段为固定端和铰支为桩的受力模型，按变形协调原理分析了预应力锚索抗滑桩的内力。结合水任至南宁公路某高陡边坡治理的一个工程应用，体现出这种抗滑结构的优越性。     

道路运输企业发展现代物流切入点选择方法研究

针对道路运输企业发展现代物流切入点选择的重要性和风险性,文章在分析道路运输企业发展物流切入点的基础上,建立了切入点选择的评价指标体系,提出一种以行业吸引力竞争能力矩阵为基础,并综合运用模糊评判法、层次分析法和德尔菲法的切入点选择方法,最后在某道路运输企业发展现代物流切入点选择中得到应用。     

受电摩擦磨损试验中磨损量与摩擦因数的实时测量

针对自行研制的高速大电流摩擦磨损试验机,介绍了试验中摩擦副的磨损量和摩擦因数的实时在线测量方法以及数据采集与处理系统     

基于北斗卫星通信平台的电力机车远程实时监控系统

使用北斗卫星定位导航及移动通信技术和GPRS技术实现了对机车运行状态和设备状态的远程实时监控。提供了车载单元与地面监控中心的双向实时数据通信。车载单元实时采集、记录并向地面监控中心发送机车的运行状态信息和设备状态等信息。故障分析专家系统实现了对机车状态及各种设备状态的全面分析。该系统对机车运用状态的实时跟踪和实现机车的“状态修”有着积极意义。     

某软弱基座型斜坡的稳定性分析

以仁义河特大桥南桥台斜坡为例,通过对斜坡底部的石膏角砾岩的力学特性和流变特征分析,认为该斜坡为一可溶性软弱基座型斜坡,组成斜坡基座的石膏角砾岩是一种具有流变特性的软岩。采用2Dσ软件对斜坡体的稳定性进行了二维有限元分析,认为该斜坡只可能发生局部的失稳破坏,不会发生大面积的滑坡、崩塌或座滑,不会影响大桥的安全,从而为解决该类特殊斜坡工程问题提供参考。     

我国ETC的现状及发展趋势

目前，国内不停车收费系统（Electronic Toll Collection，简称FTC）正处于一个从探索到试点的重要发展时期。ETC系统已经成为智能交通系统ITS的一个重要组成部分。     

FIDIC合同条件在我国铁路行业中的应用

本文主要介绍了FIDIC合同条件在亚洲开发银行贷款铁路项目实施中取得的经验和存在的问题,并提出了提高我国铁路工程招投标、合同管理的科学化和规范化水平的具体措施及方法。