混合动力电动汽车发展和应用现状

节能与环保已经成为汽车技术发展的2大主题。文章通过对丰田混合动力轿车的系统构成和工作原理的叙述,以及对于混合动力汽车发展现状及趋势的分析,说明了混合动力电动汽车在节能减排方面效果显著,克服了普通电动汽车行驶里程短及充放电技术落后等缺点。表明混合动力电动汽车将成为未来汽车产品的发展方向。     

混合动力汽车行驶工况的仿真分析

汽车的实际行驶条件对汽车性能具有直接影响。对于混合动力汽车,其部件的选型以及控制策略的制定都与道路行驶工况密切相关文章对汽车行驶工况做了相应的分析．利用GT—DRIVE软件对某微型混合动力汽车进行了建模与仿真仿真结果表明,在经济性方面混合动力汽车比传统汽车有明显的优势．如何更好地分配混合动力汽车功率将是混合动力汽车研究的重点.     

Flexing service schedules: Assessing the potential for demand-adaptive hybrid transit via a stated preference approach

This paper assesses the demand for a flexible, demand-adaptive transit service, using the Chicago region as an example. We designed and implemented a stated-preference survey in order to (1) identify potential users of flexible transit, and (2) inform the service design of the flexible transit mode. Multinomial logit, mixed-logit, and panel mixed-logit choice models were estimated using the data obtained from the survey. The survey instrument employed a d_p-efficient design and the Google Maps API to capture precise origins and destinations in order to create realistic choice scenarios. The stated-preference experiments offered respondents a choice between traditional transit, car, and a hypothetical flexible transit mode. Wait time, access time, travel time, service frequency, cost, and number of transfers varied across the choice scenarios. The choice model results indicate mode-specific values of in-vehicle travel time ranging between $16.3 per hour (car) and $21.1 per hour (flexible transit). The estimated value of walking time to transit is $25.9 per hour. The estimated value of waiting time at one’s point of origin for a flexible transit vehicle is $11.3 per hour; this value is significantly lower than the disutility typically associated with waiting at a transit stop/station indicating that the ‘at-home’ pick-up option of flexible transit is a highly desirable feature. The choice model results also indicate that respondents who use active-transport modes or public transit for their current commute trip, or are bikeshare members, were significantly more likely to choose flexible and traditional transit than car commuters in the choice experiments. The implications of these and other relevant model results for the design and delivery of flexible, technology-enabled services are discussed.     

Metaheuristics for efficient aircraft scheduling and re-routing at busy terminal control areas

Intelligent decision support systems for the real-time management of landing and take-off operations can be very effective in helping air traffic controllers to limit airport congestion at busy terminal control areas. The key optimization problem to be solved regards the assignment of airport resources to take-off and landing aircraft and the aircraft sequencing on them. The problem can be formulated as a mixed integer linear program. However, since this problem is strongly NP-hard, heuristic algorithms are typically adopted in practice to compute good quality solutions in a short computation time. This paper presents a number of algorithmic improvements implemented in the AGLIBRARY solver (a state-of-the-art optimization solver to deal with complex routing and scheduling problems) in order to improve the possibility of finding good quality solutions quickly. The proposed framework starts from a good initial solution for the aircraft scheduling problem with fixed routes (given the resources to be traversed by each aircraft), computed via a truncated branch-and-bound algorithm. A metaheuristic is then applied to improve the solution by re-routing some aircraft in the terminal control area. New metaheuristics, based on variable neighbourhood search, tabu search and hybrid schemes, are introduced. Computational experiments are performed on an Italian terminal control area under various types of disturbances, including multiple aircraft delays and a temporarily disrupted runway. The metaheuristics achieve solutions of remarkable quality, within a small computation time, compared with a commercial solver and with the previous versions of AGLIBRARY.     

Operational profiles of ships in Norwegian waters: An activity-based approach to assess the benefits of hybrid and electric propulsion

Various regulations are imposed on shipping to increase energy efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. Alternative fuels and power systems are among the solutions for compliance with these regulations. The power system of a ship may not operate optimally because of the diversity of the operational profile during its lifetime. This article uses an activity-based approach and big data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to study the operational profiles of eight ship types operating in Norwegian waters around mainland Norway in 2016. The aim is to identify ship types that can benefit from electric and hybrid propulsion through analysis of their operational profiles. Close to shore, the operational profiles of various ship types are similar, and all ships spend a great proportion of their time with lower loads. As the distance from shore increases, the operational profiles of various ship types follow distinct trends. Among the considered ship types, reefers spend more operational time close to the diesel engine design condition. On the other hand, offshore and passenger ships show the most dynamic operational profiles and spend a large percentage of their operational time with a partial load, away from diesel engine design conditions. Such ships can benefit from hybridisation, diesel-electric propulsion, and other electric concepts, such as batteries and fuel cells. Another option is to downsize diesel engines for better operation while fuel cells and batteries supply peak and partial loads. Operational profiles are plotted and details of the approach are presented in the article.     

储能系统在分布式发电中的应用

当今以风能、太阳能为代表的可再生能源,因其储量丰富、环境友好等特点,得到人们日益广泛的重视。基于可再生能源的分布式发电是可再生能源利用的一种主要方式,然而,由于可再生能源的间歇性,导致了分布式发电系统的稳定性、可靠性以及电能质量问题,在这种情况下,储能系统应运而生。本文介绍了蓄电池、超级电容、燃料电池以及飞轮等几种常见的储能技术,简要分析各自的工作原理,比较了它们之间的优缺点,并以蓄电池和超级电容为例,分析混合储能系统的构成方式,最后通过Buck/Boost双向变换器与直流母线相连接,给出了一系列适合于分布式发电系统的隔离型Buck/Boost双向变换器,并比较了它们之间的优缺点。     

油电混合动力叉车的检验技术研究

介绍了油电混合动力叉车国内外代表性的产品。概述了油电混合动力叉车驱动系统的分类及各自的技术特点、动力电池的安全特性及安全隐患。介绍了油电混合动力叉车及其监督检验适用的标准,针对油电混合动力的特点对其进行监督检验的内容和方法。分析了油电混合动力叉车的安全问题,以及检验面临的新问题,并有针对性地提出建议,为开展相关试验提供参考。     

复合结构桥梁的特性

概要介绍复合结构桥梁的发展背景;复合结构的定义及构成;复合结构桥梁的特征及特有的力学性能,如:钢和混凝土材料性能的合理利用,结构形式的多样化和广泛的应用性,组合梁的结合力,剪力键的疲劳机理,混凝土板与钢梁的组合类型,组合构件的强度、韧性和变形,钢与混凝土的互相约束与支持等。复合结构桥梁不仅是将异种材料构件组成一起的结构体系,也意味着结构机能以及强度和变形的一体性。因此,深入理解符合结构的这些特性,有利于开发新的组合结构形式并建立新的设计概念。可以使复合结构桥梁建设更趋于合理、可靠、耐久、经济,便于快速施工,维修工作量少,适合于高速铁路建设的需要。     

船舶并联式油电混合动力系统设计

随着绿色环保概理念日益深入人心和世界各国对船舶污染物排放标准提高,船舶设计人员正寻求各种方法减少柴油消耗量和排放,油电混合动力船舶结合柴油机推进船和电推船的特点,其在节能减排和降噪方面具有明显优势。本文将并联式油电混合动力系统应用于嘉陵江水域的公务艇,为了提升系统转矩合成器的性能,设计中将行星齿轮内置于合成器中,同时将逻辑门限制控制策略对整个动力系统进行控制管理,有效的发挥了系统的效能。根据计算结果表明,设计船的运行成本和污染物排放量相对同等船型将低了8.6%和10.48%,节能减排效果明显。     

基于混合算法的机车二系弹簧载荷调整优化方法

针对电力机车二系悬挂调簧分析数学模型算法的优化问题,提出一种遗传算法(GA)与蚂蚁算法(AA)相结合的混合优化算法。其基本思想是:首先采用遗传算法以较少的进化代数进行全局快速随机搜索,获得若干可能的(近似)优化解,以此生成蚂蚁算法初始信息素分布,再用后者求得全局优化精确解。对国产SS3B和SS9型机车的应用结果表明,对同一车体进行多次优化计算试验,混合优化算法的搜索寻优过程均能稳健一致地收敛到全局优化解,可明显缩短二系支承载荷调整调簧计算所需时间,使调簧试验的实时性大为提高。对于二系为高圆簧的SS9型机车,混合算法平均用时比迭代算法和单一遗传算法分别减少约74%和29%。