Capabilities and Radicalism: Engineering Accessibility in the 21st century

Abstract

Engineering bridges the gap between, on the one hand, that mix of philosophy and politics that we call policy and, on the other, the physical implementation of the means to put policy into practice. Starting with a brief outline of the nature of accessibility, why it is important and how in some cases a person might be disabled by a lack of accessibility, this article – based on the author's Inaugural Lecture given at University College London in February 2005 – turns to consider how a person's needs challenge their capabilities (i.e. what they can do) and considers a radical approach to understanding people's capabilities in the implementation process. Next, the formation of policy intentions in order to permit, encourage and implement the engineering of appropriate solutions is discussed and conclusions drawn about how this affects work in the transport domain. Perhaps we need to look at the world in a different way before we can make it a better place.     

锚杆施作时机对炭质千枚岩隧道力学响应影响研究

针对炭质千枚岩隧道施作锚杆时容易剥落掉块并导致局部失稳的问题,对先喷后锚法与传统先锚后喷法进行比较研究。为了分析2种施工方法对围岩与支护体系力学响应的影响,借助三维数值分析手段对洞周位移变化、初期支护结构受力、锚杆受力及围岩的塑性发展进行分析。结果表明,先喷后锚法引起的围岩变形与支护体系应力略大,先锚后喷法对控制围岩变形效果显著,二者均可满足一般工程需要;当对围岩变形控制要求严格时应选用先锚后喷法。     

应变能密度在黄土滑坡临滑预报中的应用

为了运用应变能密度方法对黄土滑坡进行临滑预报,通过假定黄土为近似弹性体,以发生剪切破坏时的最大抗剪强度与临滑时最大应变的乘积作为最大应变能密度。同时以实际观测的位移-时间变量之间的关系,用回归法拟合出应变-时间关系的表达式,并得出应变能-时间的表达式。用应变能密度法对黄茨滑坡进行了临滑预报,并与滑坡的实际发生时间作了对比,两者非常接近。应用应变能密度法可对黄土滑坡进行较为准确的临滑预报。     

电力机车辅助系统地面联调试验系统的开发

介绍了电力机车(动力车)辅助系统地面联调试验的设计要求、系统构成及工作原理,并对SS9型机车采用辅助变流器供电的辅助机组进行了地面联调部分试验,获取了许多重要数据,为今后的研究、设计提供了依据。     

Estimating mortality impacts from vehicle emission reduction efforts: The Tune In and Tune Up program in the San Joaquin Valley

As a response to profoundly poor air quality and associated environmental justice concerns in the San Joaquin Valley region in California, the Tune In & Tune Up (TI&TU) program provides residents with free vehicle emissions testing and vouchers for smog repair. We used data on approximately 19,000 repaired TI&TU vehicles from 2012 to 2018, and several estimation techniques, to quantify a range of nitrogen oxides (NO_X) emissions prevented as a result of the program. We then calculated resulting mortality impacts from reduced exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in the form of secondary nitrates. After applying a novel smog repair emissions abatement depreciation function, we find that six years of operation of the TI&TU program has reduced NO_X emissions by approximately 53–302 tons by the end of 2018. Using a concentration response function for ambient PM_2.5, we found that between 0.055 and 0.31 premature deaths have also been avoided. We present multiple methods for assessing public health impacts, which can be used as guidance for evaluating similar transportation-based emission reduction programs.     

近亲属之间容隐行为的定性分析

我国《刑法》第310条规定的窝藏罪还存在一些问题：如,窝藏行为如何分类？窝藏行为能否以不作为方式实施,等等．这些问题导致了在司法实践中,对近亲属之间的容隐行为是否构成窝藏罪难以把握．此外,从我国传统及西方国家的立法来看,近亲属间的窝藏行为（下文简称“亲亲相隐”行为）通常是不认为犯罪或者免除处罚,新中国由于注重保护秩序而将此行为规定为犯罪．进入21世纪后,在构建社会主义和谐社会的宏伟目标下,我国在司法领域中提出了宽严相济的刑事政策,这会影响“亲亲相隐”行为的定性．     

正面碰撞事故中车速推算的改进算法研究

鉴于目前在正面碰撞事故的车速推算中常用的经典算法,其计算结果常与实际情况存在差异,文中在分析刚体碰撞过程中两车的运动状态的基础上,建立了车辆运动微分方程,以推算肇事车碰撞前的行驶速度.实例验证表明:改进算法的计算结果比常用算法的结果更接近PC-CRASH的模拟结果.     

文化产业正义:文化产业发展的历史地理学问题——关于文化产业发展新战略理论思考

文化产业对于历史和地理具有解构与建构的功能.时间上的历史主义态度和空间上的文化认同价值,构成了文化产业发展与历史地理学最主要的正义关系.重建文化产业发展的新历史地理学关系,应当建立和实现文化产业正义的同时,也能够实现其他各个领域和各个方面的正义这样一种新的文化产业战略理论和战略观,从而使得"文化产业正义"转变成"文化产业发展的历史地理学正义",用文化产业的历史地理学正义观,建构中国新文化产业正义观和新的文化产业发展战略观.     

Investigation of environmental justice analysis in airport planning practice from 2000 to 2010

Municipal airport owners and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regularly evaluate capacity and demand to decide if and when airports need more infrastructure. New infrastructure can alter the profile of noise, emissions, and land use, which may affect the quality of life for airport-adjacent communities. When the FAA and airport owners initiate infrastructure expansion, they must conduct environmental justice analysis to measure the distribution of negative externalities on nearby communities. This research investigates the environmental justice methodologies and narratives reported in planning documents for nineteen airport capacity expansions planned or deployed from 2000 to 2010 in the United States. The mixed-methods approach analyzes airport operations data, spatial demographic data, and planning artifacts to determine whether the environmental justice analyses were robust. This research proposes alternative metrics, the ‘Risk of disproportionate impact’ and ‘Capacity strain’, to further contextualize the presence of protected population groups alongside capacity needs. The main finding of the study is that the planning documents did not consistently detect environmental justice impacts, nor did they consistently confer importance to those impacts when high proportions of protected populations were detected. As a result, the social costs of collective airport expansion are unclear and likely underestimated. This study identifies two limitations that undermined the environmental justice analysis throughout the airport sample: (1) inconsistent methodological choices impeded the detection of impacts and, (2) narrative interpretations tended to ‘null’ the finding even when impacts were detected.     

Exploring transportation equity: Development and application of a transportation justice framework

Recent efforts to emphasize social equity in transportation are emerging as local, regional and national governments have set initiatives to identify, existing and potential, disproportionate impacts to low-income and minority populations, also referred to as transportation justice (TJ). Currently, there are suggested methods for identifying transportation justice areas; however, there is no streamlined method instituted across transportation agencies. Each jurisdiction identifies transportation justice (or environmental justice) areas based on their own methodology, typically based on either average regional thresholds, graduated thresholds, or a more unique in-house index methodology. This research explores and evaluates existing methods and develops a rigorous and comprehensive method called the Transportation Justice Threshold Index Framework (TJTIF) using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), as well as factors based on demographics, socio-economics, and transportation/land use. The framework is applied to a case study region in Pennsylvania reflective of the Marcellus Shale impact area, highlighting Sullivan County, PA. The methodology and the case study application serve as an example for how transportation agencies throughout the country can promote social sustainability and enhance transportation equity.