Using the built environment to oversample walk,transit, and bicycle travel

Characteristics of the built environment (BE) have been associated with walk, transit, and bicycle travel. These BE characteristics can be used by transportation researchers to oversample households from areas where walk, transit, or bicycle travel is more likely, resulting in more observations of these uncommon travel behaviors. Little guidance, however, is available on the effectiveness of such built environment oversampling strategies. This article presents measures that can be used to assess the effectiveness of BE oversampling strategies and inform future efforts to oversample households with uncommon travel behaviors. The measures are sensitivity and specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), and positive predictive value (PPV). To illustrate these measures, they were calculated for 10 BE-defined oversampling strata applied post-hoc to a Seattle area household travel survey. Strata with an average block size of <10 acres within a ¼ mile of household residences held the single greatest potential for oversampling households that walk, use transit, and/or bicycle.     

The development of the TIGRIS XL model: A bottom-up approach to transport, land-use and the economy

The project appraisal method in the Netherlands distinguishes direct effects, indirect distribution effects and indirect generative effects. Transport models are generally available for calculating the benefits of transport projects to travellers as part of the direct effects. The TIGRIS XL model, a Land-Use and Transport Interaction model, adds indirect distribution effects for the housing and labour market, by modelling changes in the spatial distribution of jobs and residents. This paper describes the current TIGRIS XL model and how it can be applied in the evaluation of transport projects. It refers to work done with the TIGRIS XL model to improve the calculation of the direct benefits by applying the so-called ‘logsum’ method. Finally it discusses ideas on how to extend the TIGRIS XL model to address indirect generative effects as well.The current TIGRIS XL model, its integration with the National Model System (the standard tool for the Dutch government to analyse the effects on passenger transport) and basic design principles are the starting point of such an exploration. These design principles include:

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an emphasis on detail, both spatial as well as in socio-economic segments, to account for differences in the availability of choice alternatives and in choice behaviour, and to provide impacts by region and socio-economic group;

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the requirement that the relationships used rest on an empirical foundation.

The post-processing methods proposed on this paper for the calculation of the direct benefits and indirect generative effects are consistent with these design principles. To calculate the indirect generative effects, a post-processing module is proposed which transforms changes in travel times and land-use into agglomeration effects. These agglomeration effects combine several of the generative effects, like scale economies, an increasing variety of products, labour market matches and knowledge spill-over. The effects of changes in the agglomeration indicator on productivity can be estimated with existing data sources, as was demonstrated in the UK (Graham, 2005).     

A preliminary proposal for urban and transportation planning in response to the Great East Japan Earthquake

The purpose of this paper is to propose information of use in the reconstruction of urban transport and infrastructure in response to the Great East Japan Earthquake. In particular, knowledge of urban planning and transportation planning is summarized to help in drawing up physical plans.     

铁路用地系统设计研究

依据国家和行业相关设计规范、标准对铁路工程建设用地的要求,总结分析近年来铁路建设项目在勘察设计、施工及运营期间有关铁路用地系统设计问题,对铁路用地分类、用地设计原则、数量计算原则、不同阶段计算精度与方法、用地指标分析、用地系统设计典型工点类型划分及设计注意事项等6个方面进行全面归纳总结,提出提高铁路用地系统设计质量的改进措施及建议,为后续建设项目提供借鉴,避免在用地设计系统方面出现类似问题。     

Microphytobenthos biomass at Kerguelen's Land (Subantarctic Indian Ocean): repartition and variability during austral summers

Microphytobenthos biomass has been measured at several coastal sites on the SE of the main island of the Kerguelen Archipelago (Indian Ocean), during several austral summers (1985–1992), using a conventional fluorometric method. Heterogeneity tests, conducted on two different intertidal sites (Port-Aux-Français, PAF; and Port-Raymond, PRA), showed low standard deviations, whereas the mean concentrations were highly different. Pigment concentrations showed a high variability related to the characteristics of the sediments: from low biomass in coarse intertidal sand, submitted to intense scouring (0.32±0.31 μg Chl a g⁻¹ dw, 0.29±0.14 μg Phaeo g⁻¹ dw) to high biomass in intertidal muddy sand in sheltered areas, particularly along estuaries (54 μg Chl a, 15 μg Phaeo g⁻¹ dw at Korrigan). The subtidal muddy sediments under a Macrocystis pyrifera (Linné) and Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso in Choris) belt exhibited high concentrations in phaeopigment (Phaeo) (up to 136±83 μg g⁻¹ dw; PRA), while the concentration of chlorophyll a (Chl a) was relatively low. The dense macroalgal canopy supports an important epiphytic diatom biomass (mainly the genera Cocconeis Ehrenberg and Grammatophora Ehrenberg), which is sedimenting after degradation and is in part responsible of the high levels of Phaeo in all sediments. Macroalgal debris were observed, but diatom frustules were dominant in most surficial subtidal sediments. A circatidal mud, in the Morbihan Bay, made of a sponge spicule mat (50 m deep; 4.96 μg Chl a g⁻¹ dw), showed a very low Chl a/Phaeo ratio (0.1), while it reached up to 6 in intertidal sand. Surprisingly, a penguin rookery beach, at the east side of Courbet Peninsula, was characterized by a very low biomass (0.07±0.04 μg Chl a g⁻¹ dw), while it was nutrient enriched, particularly with nitrates.In comparison with the data at the similar latitude, but in temperate regions from the Northern Hemisphere, the microphytobenthos biomass, recorded at Kerguelen's Land, exhibited relatively high pigment concentrations, particularly the Phaeo, and supported a dense and diversified subtidal macrofauna composed of polychaetes (particularly Thelepus extensus Hutchings and Glasby), sea urchins, mytillids and gammarids. The exuberant macroalgal canopy, coastal indentations and low tidal amplitude must be in part responsible of these large benthic primary and secondary biomasses.     

基于用地分析的公交站场布局规划研究

城市规模的不断扩大和城市化进程的加快使得大城市的交通问题日益突出,大力发展公共交通,是解决密集型大都市交通问题的有效办法。文章介绍广州市公交站场布局方法,分析存在问题的原因,为此类设施用地规划提供参考。     

日本轨道交通与土地的综合开发

分析日本国土开发利用、轨道交通建设运营、以及轨道交通与土地综合开发的成功经验。日本是世界上人口密度最大的国家,采取以轨道交通为骨干的公共交通为主导的城市发展策略,由于轨道交通建设经营主体的多元化,铁道主业与其它产业的兼营,特别是轨道交通与土地的综合开发利用,成功的解决了城市交通问题,实现了轨道交通的商业化建设与运营,实现了城市经济、社会、环境、交通的协调发展。     

青藏铁路中小站区生态大棚污水处理技术

结合青藏铁路中小站区生活污水的特点,提出采用生态大棚系统,在青藏高原恶劣的自然环境中建立适宜常规污水生物处理工艺的人工小环境,为生活污水的生物处理提供必需的热平衡、O2CO2循环平衡和水循环平衡。利用有限元分析软件进行热平衡仿真计算,设计生态大棚。通过在实验室对2种常规的污水生物处理工艺进行比选,确定采用好氧生物—土地处理工艺进行青藏铁路中小站区生活污水处理的现场实验。现场实验表明:在生态大棚内部采用4级生物转盘与土地处理相结合的工艺,经过处理的生活污水达到了国家1级排放标准,CODCr去除率达到87.3%以上,可有效保护青藏铁路运营后的高原环境。     

The relationship between land use and automobile travel utility: A Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes approach

The relationship between land use and the utility of automobile travel is examined by refining the utility concept, particularly by combining the microeconomic utility theory, which is concerned with the disutility of travel, and the perspective on the positive utility. A conceptual model is accordingly developed and then adjusted considering different purposes of travel. The purpose-specific models are tested through a Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes approach in Seoul, Korea, using datasets from a sample survey and geographic information systems. The major finding is that land use affects the utility mainly by changing synergy and affective utility rather than instrumental utility, which encompasses disutility variables. Among land use variables, the utility is found to be the most sensitive to the number of transit facilities for commuting and shopping travel and land use balance for leisure travel.     

BRT推动TOD在我国适用性研究

随着我国经济日新月异的发展，城市化和机动化的现象越来越不可忽视。随之而来的是城市无序蔓延，交通、能源和环境问题日益突出。因此，我们的城市中心地带交通拥堵、空气质量恶化已成为重大难题。为了解决这些问题，研究了世界上其他类似国家和地区，吸取他们的经验和教训，提出了用快速公交推动城市发展的建议。论文分析了快速公交和公交引导发展的优势及适用性，比较了快速公交和其他公交模式的差异，最后建议在我国现阶段用快速公交来引导发展，结合土地使用和城市规划，实现城市的健康、高效、可持续发展。