学习策略与大学英语教学

学习策略是影响外语学习效果的重要因素,正确的使用学习策略能提高学习者的学习成绩,增强他们的学习动机和学习的自主性。本文讨论了学习策略的内涵、分类及影响因素,并得出了应在学习策略的指导下进行大学英语教学这一结论。     

PBL在航海医学教学培训中的应用研究

文章介绍了PBL的概况及与其他教学模式的异同点,结合高等院校航海类专业医学培训课程的教学特点,分析了在航海医学培训中开展PBL的可行性,并探讨了实施步骤。     

Why do paratransit operators resist participation in bus rapid transit? Case evidence from Bogota,Mexico City,Johannesburg and Lagos

ABSTRACT

Public transport in cities of the Global South is mainly provided by paratransit operators who self-regulate their services in the absence of adequate formal transport supply and due to weak or no formal regulatory framework and enforcement. Paratransit operators compete with each other for passengers as every passenger translates into profit. Governments in the Global South have sought to reform public transport services through Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) to regulate and ensure efficiency, address the problems of drivers competition and negative externalities associated with paratransit operations. Paratransit operators have been considered as one of the barriers to public transport reforms such as BRT without much consideration for their style of operations. This neglect has contributed to their resistance and low interest in participating in BRT and has even led to opposition. Consequently, non-consideration of incumbent operators in the implementation of transit reforms has been one important reason for delay or failure in their introduction. In this study, we identify reasons why paratransit operators resist and show low interest in BRT even in situations where public institutions have opted not to replace them but rather invite them to participate in the reforms. The basis is a case study analysis of four cities with different characteristics and different BRT implementation strategies where paratransit operators showed resistance and low interest to participate. We identify (1) loss of autonomy, flexibility and established practices/routines, (2) financial and economic risk avoidance and (3) lack of trust in governments who initiate reforms as a basis for their resistance and low interest. These findings are theoretically substantiated by organisational management and social psychology concepts that explain resistance to change. Understanding and recognising these reasons may help planners in designing more appropriate strategies for paratransit reforms.     

工学结合模式下高职院校思想政治教育范式的构筑

随着社会的进步，我国更好地融入到了全球化浪潮之中，多元文化的渗透、网络的盛行，给思想政治教育带来极大的冲击，需要转变思想政治教育范式，整合学校、企业、网络等多方面的力量，不断提升学生的思想政治道德素养，更好为社会培养人才。     

Coastal and Ocean Management in Canada: Moving into the 21st Century

The experience in coastal management in the tropics that is presented in this special issue is considered in light of other coastal management initiatives worldwide. The major challenges confronting those working to promote cross-sectoral, participatory approaches to the management of coastal areas are discussed. Emerging conceptual frameworks are considered. Several factors critical to the design of coastal management projects and programs are identified. The article concludes with a reflection on priorities for furthering the practice of coastal management in the next decade.     

Driver steering and muscle activity during a lane-change manoeuvre

The article reports an experimental study of driver steering control behaviour in a lane-change manoeuvre. Eight test subjects were instrumented with electromyography to measure muscle activation and co-contraction. Each subject completed 30 lane-change manoeuvres with one vehicle on a fixed-base driving simulator. For each driver, the steering torque feedback characteristic was changed after every ten manoeuvres; the response of the vehicle to steering angle inputs was not changed. Drivers' control strategies were found to be robust to changes in steering torque feedback. Path-following errors, muscle activity and muscle co-contraction all reduce with the number of lane-changes performed by the driver, suggesting the existence of a learning process. Comparing the test subjects, there was some evidence that high levels of co-contraction were used to allow high-frequency steering inputs to be generated. The results contribute to the understanding of vehicle–driver (and more generally, human–machine) dynamic interaction.     

Road traffic conditions in Kenya: Exploring the policies and traffic cultures from unstructured user-generated data using NLP

Road traffic accidents (RTA) are a prevalent cause of fatality with African countries having the highest fatality index (25–34 per quota). The World Health Organization estimates Kenya's fatality rate due to RTA at 28 per quota. From literature, the country's fatality and injuries have increased by 26% and 46.5%, respectively, since the year 2015. The country is faced with incomplete RTA data capturing, hindering effective planning and policy adjustments to curb the menace. In this paper, we scrapped user-generated data (Twitter) and national transport and safety authority's (NTSA) reports to shed light on traffic safety, practices, and cultures in the country. To this end, we gathered 1,000,000 tweets and 8000 speeding entries between 2015 and 2021 and performed natural language processing (NLP) and quantitative study of the data. We applied NLP and n-gram search of keywords to categorize data into 8 topics: traffic, public service vehicle (PSVs), policing, accident, infrastructure, recklessness, robbery, and corruption. From the data, policing, which touches on all police and law-enforcement-related activity was found to be highly correlated with PSVs, recklessness, accidents, traffic congestion, robbery, infrastructure, and corruption with indices of r(76) = 0.92, 0. 91, 0.87, 0.82, 0.81, 0.76, and 0.70, respectively with p < 0.001. The topic modeling confirmed the identified topics to be the latent discussion issues affecting the public. From the study, PSVs, policing and traffic flow were isolated as key issues that ought to be addressed immediately. The research recommended the integration of driver monitoring systems to strengthen policing. The research, which utilized unstructured data, points to the utility of data mining which would greatly benefit traffic research, particularly African-based studies, that suffer from data inadequacy.     

Formal characterization of an efficient driving evaluation process for companies of the transport sector

Public institutions and private companies all around the world agree that road transport is one of the main sectors responsible for global warming. With this in mind, all of them have designed actions to increase efficiency and reduce fuel consumption and emissions. A favorite for the companies is eco-driving because it can improve the fleet performance without a great investment. However, although these programs have achieved promising results in the majority of the experiences, the figures are not so encouraging in the long term. In many cases this decrease is produced by fuzzy reward programs or the total lack of them. Nevertheless, any coherent reward program, in order to be effective, must be associated with a complete and fair evaluation process which takes into account all the different aspects and complexities related with driving. In this paper, we propose a formal characterization of an efficient driving evaluation process which starts with a review of many different driving recommendation systems. These recommendations are used as seeds to build a set of formal competences that any eco driver must have, as well as the learning outcomes associated with each competence. A set of patterns of driving behaviors are defined, that allow confirming any of the learning outcomes. The definition also comprises a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for each learning outcome. These KPIs allow measuring the progress associated with each competence. Finally, we also propose some relevant differences that must be taken into account for the goals associated with each KPI, depending on the domain of application: type and road geometry, vehicle type (automatic or manual, passengers, cargo or not, public or private), amount of traffic, weather. Some examples of this driver characterization have been included to demonstrate the process.     

基于截线法的铁路扣件骨架提取算法

为了能够精确描述铁路扣件端部形状,提高铁路扣件的识别率,以及满足扣件检测的实时性要求,提出了一种基于截线法的铁路扣件骨架提取算法。首先,通过预处理得到原始图像的二值图像及其感兴趣区域;其次,应用不同方向的方位距离变换计算扣件各端部区域的骨架生长点;然后,以骨架生长点为中心沿扣件的弯曲方向分别利用水平线族和竖直线族扫描扣件端部轮廓,得到截线段后,计算其中心点;最后依次连接骨架生长点和所有截线中心点即可得到完整的扣件图像骨架。理论分析与实验结果证明,本文算法对扣件形状的描述能力强,并且可以准确识别扣件形状。对于复杂图像的识别具有较好的效果,在识别缺陷扣件时具有较强的应用优势。算法运行时间较短,可以达到实时性的要求。     

基础会计教学中培养学生学习兴趣的研究与实践

学习兴趣在学生的学习过程中起着至关重要的作用．在基础会计教学中，如何培养学生的学习兴趣是教师非常重视的环节。文章结合基础会计教学实践经验，从赏识教育、灵活教法和互动教学三个方面探讨了培养和激发学生学习兴趣的途径．