Network Decomposition and Maximum Independent Set Part Ⅱ：Application Research

According to the researches on theoretic basis in part I of the paper，the spanning tree algorithms solving the maximum independent set both in even network and in odd network have been developed in this part，part Ⅱ of the paper．The algorithms trans form first the general network into the pair sets network，and then decompose the pair sets network into a series of pair subsets by use of the characteristic of maximum flow passing through the pair sets network．As for the even network，the algorithm requires only one time of trans formation and decomposition，the maximum independent set can be gained without any iteration processes，and the time complexity of the algorithm is within the bound of O(｜V｜^3)．However，as for the odd network，the algorithm consists of two stages．In the first stage，the general odd network is transformed and decomposed into the pseudo-negative envelope graphs and generalized reverse pseudo-negative envelope graphs alternately distributed at first；then the algorithm turns to the second stage，searching for the negative envelope graphs within the pseudo-negative envelope graphs only．Each time as a negative envelope graphhas been found．renew the pair sets network by iteration at once．and then tum back to the first stage．So both stages form a circulation process up to the optimum．Two available methods，the adjusting search and the picking-off search are specially developed to deal with the problems resulted from the odd network．Both of them link up with each other harmoniously and are embedded together in the algorithm．Analysis and study indicate that the time complexity of this algorithm is within the bound of O(｜V｜^5)．     

一种求解Job-Shop调度问题的快速禁忌搜索算法

介绍了一种解决Job-Shop调度最短完工时间的有效的快速禁忌搜索算法,该算法首先利用插入算法构造尽可能好的初始解,然后使用禁忌搜索算法改进当前解,用基准实例进行仿真,实验结果表明该算法是可行的和有效的.     

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最短径路是网络优化中的一个经典问题，Dijkstra算法被公认为是一种十分有效的最短径路的搜索求解算法．本在研究网络一般结构特点的基础上，发现传统Dijkstra算法在每次迭代过程中都需要搜索所有节点的这一缺陷，通过向搜索节点中引入“度”的信息，提出了基于“度搜索”的改进算法，并根据网络的特点，给出了有向网络和无向网络两种情况下存在“度”差异的算法设计方法；算法的整体结构与Dijkstra保持了一致性，没有算法结构的突变，因而通过修改原有Dijkstra程序和重新设计“度搜索”程序都十分容易实现．该算法提高了最短径路的搜索效率，特别是对稀疏网络，算法效率更为明显，其复杂度小于O(｜V｜^2)．     

列流线偏移描绘自动化

基于图论理论分析了列流图的组成特性,以解决列流线折点自动搜索问题.提出列流线折点搜索算法和列流线偏移描绘算法.采用基于节点信息表绘制列流图.开发了列流图自动生成数据库系统.用实例表明了算法及软件有效性和可行性.     

Walking short distances. The socioeconomic drivers for the use of proximity in everyday mobility in Barcelona

Many studies have found that cities, with residents that are co-located with jobs and services in compact and diverse urban environments, generate positive outputs for a number of areas of social policy, with issues ranging from environmental to social and including public health. This evidence supports promoting rich and thriving neighbourhoods in order to encourage short distance mobility. In this context, we use a wide travel survey (EMQ06), undertaken in Spain, to measure short-distance travelling within Barcelona and to assess how distinct social groups make use of the local scale for their everyday mobility. The effects of socioeconomics and access to transport are discussed, prior to applying a Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) method, in order to explore heterogeneity among the different social groups, in terms of local travelling. We found that nearly a quarter of all daily mobility in Barcelona is performed with a local trip, and that short trips are more frequently undertaken for personal purposes. Also, age, gender and access to private transport appear as significant factors. Overall, our results suggest that a proximity scale is being used by those groups with greater time–space constraints, such as working women or low income people without access to private vehicles, opening important implications on transport policy regarding the design of proximity-prone environments.     

地方海事行政执法难点探析

地方海事行政执法是法律法规授权的具有独立主体的行政执法,也是地方海事机构的主要社会功能和赖以存在的价值所在。本文根据笔者多年来海事执法实践,对地方海事行政执法过程中存在的外在执法难问题进行了综合分析,并提出了相应对策。     

A comparison of various algorithms to extract Magic Formula tyre model coefficients for vehicle dynamics simulations

Tyre models are a prerequisite for any vehicle dynamics simulation. Tyre models range from the simplest mathematical models that consider only the cornering stiffness to a complex set of formulae. Among all the steady-state tyre models that are in use today, the Magic Formula tyre model is unique and most popular. Though the Magic Formula tyre model is widely used, obtaining the model coefficients from either the experimental or the simulation data is not straightforward due to its nonlinear nature and the presence of a large number of coefficients. A common procedure used for this extraction is the least-squares minimisation that requires considerable experience for initial guesses. Various researchers have tried different algorithms, namely, gradient and Newton-based methods, differential evolution, artificial neural networks, etc. The issues involved in all these algorithms are setting bounds or constraints, sensitivity of the parameters, the features of the input data such as the number of points, noisy data, experimental procedure used such as slip angle sweep or tyre measurement (TIME) procedure, etc. The extracted Magic Formula coefficients are affected by these variants. This paper highlights the issues that are commonly encountered in obtaining these coefficients with different algorithms, namely, least-squares minimisation using trust region algorithms, Nelder–Mead simplex, pattern search, differential evolution, particle swarm optimisation, cuckoo search, etc. A key observation is that not all the algorithms give the same Magic Formula coefficients for a given data. The nature of the input data and the type of the algorithm decide the set of the Magic Formula tyre model coefficients.     

考虑换乘异质性的城市轨道交通时刻表协同优化模型

在城市轨道交通网络化运营条件下，极易导致换乘站的换乘需求差异过大。为提高列车时刻表与换乘需求的匹配度，本文基于网络中换乘站的空间拓扑结构和换乘需求在时间和方向上的特点，通过构建量化换乘差异的协同度指标，建立以列车同步次数最大化为目标的列车时刻表优化模型，优化轨道交通网络线路间成功衔接次数，提升乘客换乘出行效率。针对提出的混合 整数非线性规划模型，本文设计了一种基于天牛须搜索的粒子群优化算法进行求解，并将模型及算法应用于北京市轨道交通网络进行算例分析。结果表明，所构建的模型能依据换乘需求在空间、时间及方向上的差异，利用协同度分级优化轨道交通路网中列车协同状态；优化后全网列车同步到达次数增加33.86%，乘客平均换乘等待时间减少22.75%；相较于PSO和BAS算法，本文所提的算法具有更好的全局搜索能力和求解效率。本文可有效提高轨道交通换乘效率，为提升城 市轨道交通服务质量提供理论参考。     

China’s electric car frustrations

By 2020, the vehicle population in China will likely exceed 280 million—exacerbating national energy security, urban air pollution, and traffic congestion. In response, many local and regional governments in China are pursuing an expanding array of measures to restrain growth in personal vehicle ownership and, along with the central government, reducing emissions and energy use of vehicles. One prominent strategy is the promotion of new energy vehicles, especially plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). Large subsidies were offered—up to $27,600 (171,000 RMB) per vehicle in some regions, including almost $9200 (57,000 RMB) from the central government—which suggests that China is making a major commitment to PEVs. But sales have been meager. In 2013, only 17,600 PEVs, mostly buses and utility trucks, were sold, less than 0.1% of total civilian vehicle sales. Several factors explain the failure of PEV sales to take off: (1) protectionism by local governments; (2) uncertainty over which electric-drive vehicle technologies to promote and what consumers are willing to pay, (3) lagging investments in charging infrastructure, and (4) conservative investment behavior by automakers and battery manufacturers. The central government issued directives to local governments in late 2013 to reduce barriers to out-of-town companies, resulting in modest sales increases in early 2014, but a more coherent, broader, and effective set of policies, incentives, and strategies are needed to overcome consumer and industry resistance and the lack of charging infrastructure.     

The effect of railway local irregularities on ground vibration

The environmental effects of ground-borne vibrations generated due to localised railway defects is a growing concern in urban areas. Frequency domain modelling approaches are well suited for predicting vibration levels on standard railway lines due to track periodicity. However, when considering individual, non-periodic, localised defects (e.g. a rail joint), frequency domain modelling becomes challenging. Therefore in this study, a previously validated, time domain, three-dimensional ground vibration prediction model is modified to analyse such defects. A range of different local (discontinuous) rail and wheel irregularity are mathematically modelled, including: rail joints, switches, crossings and wheel flats. Each is investigated using a sensitivity analysis, where defect size and vehicle speed is varied. To quantify the effect on railroad ground-borne vibration levels, a variety of exposure–response relationships are analysed, including: peak particle velocity, maximum weighted time-averaged velocity and weighted decibel velocity. It is shown that local irregularities cause a significant increase in vibration in comparison to a smooth track, and that the vibrations can propagate to greater distances from the line. Furthermore, the results show that step-down joints generate the highest levels of vibration, whereas wheel flats generate much lower levels. It is also found that defect size influences vibration levels, and larger defects cause greater vibration. Lastly, it is shown that for different defect types, train speed effects are complex, and may cause either an increase or decrease in vibration levels.