Large-amplitude motion responses of a Ro–Ro ship to regular oblique waves in intact and damaged conditions

This article presents a nonlinear time-domain simulation method for the prediction of large-amplitude motions of a Ro–Ro ship in regular oblique waves in an intact and a damaged condition. Numerical computations and model tests have been carried out to investigate the dynamic motion responses of Ro–Ro ship Dextra to various wave amplitudes at three different wave headings. The results of numerical and experimental investigations for stern quartering waves are reviewed. Comparisons between predictions and measurements show good agreement except in the roll-resonant region. Nonlinear effects are significant in horizontal modes of motion, and resonant roll motion, and there is strong coupling between all modes of motion in the roll-resonant region for large-amplitude responses. On the other hand, the time-domain simulation technique suffers from numerical drift in horizontal modes of motion as wave amplitude increases. This is due to nonlinear equations of motion and the lack of a restoring force and moment in horizontal motion. Received: April 30, 2002 / Accepted: August 9, 2002 Acknowledgments. II Programme of the European Community Commission under contract No. BRPR-CT97-0513. Address correspondence to: H.S. Chan (hoi-sang.chan@ncl.ac.uk)     

绕船体自由面周围三维粘性流场的数值模拟

本文采用有限体积法通过求解不可压缩的雷诺平均(RANS)方程数值模拟了包括兴波的三维船体周围的粘性流场,湍流模式使用了子网格尺度模式(SGS)和Baldwin-Lomax模式相结合的混合模式.对于自由表面的处理,采用了任意拉格朗日-欧拉方法,网格为不仅与物体表面贴体,而且与自由表面贴体的动网格,即随着自由表面的变化要不断地重新划分网格.虽然此方法需要很长的计算时间,但能较好地描述船体的兴波情况.本文计算了系列60船模在Fn=0.316,Re=1.9×106时带自由面的粘性流场,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.，An finite - volume method solving of incompressible RANS Equations is developed for the numeri-cal simulation of three - dimensional viscous flow with free - surface about a ship. A hybrid turbulence mod-el by combining the sub - grid scale (SGS) model and the Baldwin- Lomax model is used in this pa-per. The arbitrary - Lagrange - Euler formulation is devised for the treatment of free surface boundary condi-tion. The boundary - fitted coordinate system is fitted not only to the ship hull surface but also to the freesurface, so the computational grid is regenerated to follow the free surface deformation. Although this methodneeds spend much longer computational time, but it can fairly display wave pattern made by a ship. The nu-merical simulation has been carried out for viscous flow with free surface past Series 60 ship hull at Fn =0. 316, Re = 1.9 × 106. The computed results are in reasonable agreement with experimental measure-ments.     

Tradeoffs between Time Allocations to Maintenance Activities/Travel and Discretionary Activities/Travel

This paper focuses on the tradeoff in time allocation between maintenance activities/travel and discretionary activities/travel. We recognize that people generally must travel a minimum amount of time in order to allocate one unit of time to the activity. This minimum amount of travel is represented by the travel time price, a ratio obtained by dividing the total amount of time traveling to maintenance or discretionary activities by the total amount of time spent on activities of the same type; it is the time equivalent of the monetary price for performing an activity. Using the San Francisco Bay Area 1996 Household Travel Survey data and applying the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) of demand equations, we found that with respect to the time equivalent of income elasticities of maintenance and discretionary activities, the former is less than unity and the latter is greater than unity. In other words, maintenance activities are a necessity and discretionary activities are a luxury. With respect to the own travel time price elasticities, if the travel time price of performing a certain type of activity increases (for reasons such as traffic congestion), one would reduce the time allocated to that type of activity. Time spent on maintenance activities is less elastic than the time spent on discretionary activities. As for the cross travel time price elasticities (changes in time allocated to activity type i in responses to changes in the time price for activity type j), we found that ɛ_dm>0 and ɛ_md>0, suggesting a substitution effect between maintenance and discretionary activities.     

基于双层Boussinesq方程的聚焦波数值模型

基于高精度双层Boussinesq方程,建立了聚焦波的时域波浪数值水槽。时间积分采用混合4阶Adams-BashforthMoulton预报-校正格式,聚焦波生成则采用累加不同频率规则波的内部造波源项法。针对Baldock等的聚焦波试验进行数值计算,计算结果与试验数据吻合较好。利用验证后模型进一步考察了非线性对数值计算聚焦波的影响,其中考虑了强非线性、弱非线性以及线性3种情况,结果表明非线性对精确模拟聚焦波至关重要,强非线性模型给出的结果最好,弱非线性次之,线性最差。     

双层Boussinesq水波方程

从Laplace方程出发,推导了一组适应于波浪在非平整地形上传播的双层Boussinesq水波方程,方程以双层水深积分平均速度表达且具有二阶全非线性特征。通过在动量方程中引入高阶色散项和非线性项进一步提高了方程的色散性和非线性性能。常水深情况下,分析了方程的色散关系和二阶波幅传递函数,并与Stokes解析解进行了比较。结果表明,在0.3%误差下方程可适用水深达kh≈6,在此水深范围内二阶波幅传递函数误差在10%以内。在非交错网格下,建立了基于有限差分方法和混合4阶Adams-Bashforth-Moulton时间积分格式的一维数值模型,模拟了波浪在潜堤上的传播变形,并与实验结果进行了对比,吻合程度较好。     

Profile-speed data-based models to estimate operating speeds for urban residential streets with a 30 km/h speed limit

A speed limit of 30 kilometres per hour (km/h) has been widely introduced for urban residential streets to ensure traffic safety and allow these streets to fulfil other intended functions. However, excessive speeds on these roads are very common, causing traffic safety problems and threatening the liveability of neighbourhoods. An effective and active way to deal with speeding is the application of a performance-based design approach, as mentioned in previous research. In a performance-based design approach, street geometrics and roadside elements are selected based on their influence on the desired driving speeds. The relationship between driving speeds and street features therefore needs to be determined. Although several studies have developed operating speed models for urban streets, all of these models were calibrated based on data for streets with speed limits of more than 30 km/h. The present research is designed to investigate the influence of various roadway and roadside characteristics on operating speeds on urban tangent street sections with a 30 km/h speed limit using profile-speed data. A simultaneous equation regression with a three-stage-least-square (3SLS) estimator was used for the modelling effort. The driving speed models developed in this study incorporate several street design factors, which provide helpful information for urban planners and street designers to cope with speeding issues on residential streets.     

一类分数阶非线性微分方程组的显式算法

讨论了一类分数阶微分方程组的一种数值算法,根据Caputo导数的性质,将分数阶微分方程组转化为Volterra积分方程组,再利用求解普通积分方程的Adams技巧,建立了分数阶微分方程组的一种显式数值算法,证明了该算法的收敛性与稳定性,并给出了数值仿真实例,证实了算法的有效性.     

An approximate method for the surge response of the tension leg platform

The solution for the Duffing equation in anonlinear vibration problem is studied in this paper. Clearly,in the case of the perturb parameter being a larger value, thetraditional perturbation method is no longer valid but theHomotopy Perturbation Method （HPM） is applicable usually.HPM is used to solve the weak and strong nonlineardifferential equations for finding the perturbed frequency ofthe response. The obtained frequencies via HPM and theapproximate method have good accordance for weak andstrong nonlinear differential equations. Additionally, thecalculated responses by use of the approximate method arecompared with the responses obtained from the Numericalmethod in the time history of the response and phase plane.The results represent ~ood accordance between them.     

《基础会计》课程中会计事项对会计等式的影响

在《基础会计》课程的教学中,六大会计要素及会计等式是众多学生普遍反应的难点之一,学生难以理解的地方主要在于企业的会计事项对会计等式的影响。一般教材中认为影响会计等式的会计事项类型只有九项,这与企业实际发生的会计事项有所不同。本文主要就六大会计要素的变动对会计等式的影响作详细的分析,以解决这一难点问题。     

Impacts of impression changes on freeway driver intention to adopt electronic toll collection service

This paper proposes conceptual frameworks incorporating technology acceptance model, theory of planned behavior and three additional constructs – impression changes, attitude of government, and risk to investigate the factors affecting freeway driver intention to adopt electronic toll collection service for both users and nonusers of electronic toll collection. The proposed frameworks are unique because of the incorporation of media and word-of-mouth effects to represent the impression changes, respectively. The respondents were specifically asked about their impressions of electronic toll collection related policies and strategies spread through media and word-of-mouth before and after electronic toll collection operation. Estimated results obtained from structural equations modeling validate that impression changes in both media and word-of-mouth exhibit significant direct or indirect effects on freeway driver intention to adopt electronic toll collection service. Corresponding strategies to enhance electronic toll collection adoption rate are then proposed accordingly.