A fine discrete field cellular automaton for pedestrian dynamics integrating pedestrian heterogeneity,anisotropy, and time-dependent characteristics

This paper proposes a discrete field cellular automaton (CA) model that integrates pedestrian heterogeneity, anisotropy, and time-dependent characteristics. The pedestrian movement direction, moving/staying, and steering are governed by the transfer equations. Compared with existing studies on fine-discretized CA models, the proposed model is advantageous in terms of flexibility, higher spatial accuracy, wider speed range, relatively low computational cost, and elaborated conflict resolution with synchronous update scheme. Three different application scenarios are created by adjusting the definite conditions of the model: (1) The first one is a unidirectional pedestrian movement in a channel, where a complete jam in the high-density region is observed from the proposed model, which is missing from existing floor field CA models. (2) The second one is evacuation from a room, where the evacuation time is independent of the discretization factor, which is different from previous work. (3) The third one is an ascending evacuation through a 21-storey stair system, where pedestrians move with constant speed or with fatigue. The evacuation time in the latter case is nearly twice of that in the former.     

Examining the effects of the built environment and residential self-selection on commuting trips and the related CO2 emissions: An empirical study in Guangzhou,China

Numerous studies have established the link between the built environment and travel behavior. However, fewer studies have focused on environmental costs of travel (such as CO₂ emissions) with respect to residential self-selection. Combined with the application of TIQS (Travel Intelligent Query System), this study develops a structural equations model (SEM) to examine the effects of the built environment and residential self-selection on commuting trips and their related CO₂ emissions using data from 2015 in Guangzhou, China. The results demonstrate that the effect of residential self-selection also exists in Chinese cities, influencing residents’ choice of living environments and ultimately affecting their commute trip CO₂ emissions. After controlling for the effect of residential self-selection, built environment variables still have significant effects on CO₂ emissions from commuting although some are indirect effects that work through mediating variables (car ownership and commuting trip distance). Specifically, CO₂ emissions are negatively affected by land-use mix, residential density, metro station density and road network density. Conversely, bus stop density, distance to city centers and parking availability near the workplace have positive effects on CO₂ emissions. To promote low carbon travel, intervention on the built environment would be effective and necessary.     

Effects of switching costs on customer attitude loyalty to an airport in a multi-airport region

The purpose is to analyze impacts of switching costs on customer attitude loyalty to an airport operator in a Norwegian multi-airport region. A sample of 167 respondents is analyzed by a structural equations modelling approach. Irrespective of customers’ perceptions of switching costs, service quality seems to be the most important customer loyalty driver. For low switching costs customers flight offers are also an important loyalty driver. For high switching costs customers facilities are important. An anticipated reduction in switching costs due to improvements in the regions’ infrastructure thus implies that more attention should be paid to an upgrading of the flight offers in order to create more airport loyalty in future. This may also have some interesting policy implications, which is briefly discussed in the paper.     

The variational formulation of a non-equilibrium traffic flow model: Theory and implications

The analysis and numerical solution of non-equilibrium traffic flow models in current literature are almost exclusively carried out in the hyperbolic conservation law framework, which requires a good understanding of the delicate and non-trivial Riemann problems for conservation laws. In this paper, we present a novel formulation of certain non-equilibrium traffic flow models based on their isomorphic relation with optimal control problems. This formulation extends the minimum principle observed by the LWR model. We demonstrate that with the new formulation, generic initial-boundary conditions can be conveniently handled and a simplified numerical solution scheme for non-equilibrium models can be devised. Besides deriving the variational formulation, we provide a comprehensive discussion on its mathematical properties and physical implications.     

Tractor–semitrailer model for vehicles carrying liquids

This article presents a model for solving solid–fluid interactions in vehicles carrying liquids. A tractor–semitrailer model is developed by incorporating suspension systems and tire dynamics. Owing to the solid–fluid interaction, equations of motion for the vehicle system are coupled. To simplify the complicated solution procedure, the coupled equations are solved separately using two different codes. Each code is analyzed separately; but as the parameters of the two codes depend on each other, the codes must be connected at the end of each time step. To determine the dynamic behavior of the system, different braking moments are applied. As the braking moments increase, braking time decreases. However, it turns out that increasing the braking moment to more than a certain level produces no significant results. It is also shown that vehicles carrying fluids need a greater amount of braking moments in comparison to vehicles carrying solids during braking. In addition, as the level of the fluid inside the tanker increases, from one-third to two-third of the tanker’s volume, the sloshing forces applied to the tanker’s walls increase. It was also concluded that the strategy used in this article to solve for the solid–fluid interaction by incorporating vehicle dynamic effects represents an effective method for determining the dynamic behavior of vehicles carrying fluids in other critical maneuvers.     

船舶十字轴万向节轴系受力分析

船舶十字轴万向节轴系的轴承由于十字轴万向节的影响,其受力情况复杂。文章简要分析十字轴万向节特殊的力学特性和速度特性,并分析十字轴万向节的受力情况。在此基础上运用平衡方程、三弯矩方程、MATLAB软件和EXCEL软件计算船舶十字轴万向节轴系上各个轴承在各种情况下的径向负荷。最后,简要分析十字轴万向节轴向力计算方法及其对轴系轴向力轴承的影响。为十字轴万向节轴系设计、建造和维修提供理论依据。     

THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS IN STREAM LAYER AND ON STREAM SURFACE AND A DIMENSION SPLIT METHODS

THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS IN STREAM LAYER AND ON STREAM SURFACE AND A DIMENSION SPLIT METHODS@李开泰$College of Sciences,Xi'an Jiaotong University!Xi'an,710049,China @黄艾香$College of Sciences,Xi'an Jiaotong University!Xi'an,710049,China[14]Il’inAA ,PartlydissipativesemigroupsgeneratedbytheNavierStokessystemontwo dimensionalmanifolds,andtheirattractors[J].RussianAcadSciSbMath,1994,78(1):47-76. [15]LadyzhenskayaOA .Themathematicaltheoryofvisc…     

Theoretical Maxwell's Equations, Gauge Field and Their Universality Based on One Conservation Law

Introduction Ampere,Faradayandotherphysicistsproposeda numberofexperimentallawsaboutelectromagnetism.OnthesebasesMaxwellestablishedMaxwell sequa tionsin1862.Meanwhile,accordingtomathematical theoreticalpointofview(consistencyofequations),hesupplementedelectromagnetismwithelectricdis placementvectors.Einsteinpointedoutthat,justaswhatthe ancientshadsaid,peoplemightgraspactualitybypure mathematicalthought.Butintheestablishmentof Maxwell sequations,mathematiciansplayedonlypar tiallyimportantrole…     

线性代数方程组正交化列处理法

给出对任意的n×m阶相容性或不相容性线性代数方程组均有效的一种新的迭代算法 .证明了算法求解过程 .在经过m次迭代后 ,必然求得该方程组的理论上精确的解或最小二乘解 .分析了该算法的计算复杂度、数值稳定性和内在并行性     

Volterra型积分微分方程边值问题

利用上下解方法研究了Ｖｏｌｔｅｒｒａ型积分微分方程ｕ″＝ｆ（ｔ，ｕ，ｕ＇，Ｔｕ），ｕ（０）＝Ａ，