Second-order models and traffic data from mobile sensors

Mobile sensing enabled by GPS or smart phones has become an increasingly important source of traffic data. For sufficient coverage of the traffic stream, it is important to maintain a reasonable penetration rate of probe vehicles. From the standpoint of capturing higher-order traffic quantities such as acceleration/deceleration, emission and fuel consumption rates, it is desirable to examine the impact on the estimation accuracy of sampling frequency on vehicle position. Of the two issues raised above, the latter is rarely studied in the literature. This paper addresses the impact of both sampling frequency and penetration rate on mobile sensing of highway traffic. To capture inhomogeneous driving conditions and deviation of traffic from the equilibrium state, we employ the second-order phase transition model (PTM). Several data fusion schemes that incorporate vehicle trajectory data into the PTM are proposed. And, a case study of the NGSIM dataset is presented which shows the estimation results of various Eulerian and Lagrangian traffic quantities. The findings show that while first-order traffic quantities can be accurately estimated even with a low sampling frequency, higher-order traffic quantities, such as acceleration, deviation, and emission rate, tend to be misinterpreted due to insufficiently sampled vehicle locations. We also show that a correction factor approach has the potential to reduce the sensing error arising from low sampling frequency and penetration rate, making the estimation of higher-order quantities more robust against insufficient data coverage of the highway traffic.     

Temporal and spatial variation in allocating annual traffic activity across an urban region and implications for air quality assessments

Patterns of traffic activity, including changes in the volume and speed of vehicles, vary over time and across urban areas and can substantially affect vehicle emissions of air pollutants. Time-resolved activity at the street scale typically is derived using temporal allocation factors (TAFs) that allow the development of emissions inventories needed to predict concentrations of traffic-related air pollutants. This study examines the spatial and temporal variation of TAFs, and characterizes prediction errors resulting from their use. Methods are presented to estimate TAFs and their spatial and temporal variability and used to analyze total, commercial and non-commercial traffic in the Detroit, Michigan, U.S. metropolitan area. The variability of total volume estimates, quantified by the coefficient of variation (COV) representing the percentage departure from expected hourly volume, was 21%, 33%, 24% and 33% for weekdays, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, respectively. Prediction errors mostly resulted from hour-to-hour variability on weekdays and Saturdays, and from day-to-day variability on Sundays and holidays. Spatial variability was limited across the study roads, most of which were large freeways. Commercial traffic had different temporal patterns and greater variability than non-commercial vehicle traffic, e.g., the weekday variability of hourly commercial volume was 28%. The results indicate that TAFs for a metropolitan region can provide reasonably accurate estimates of hourly vehicle volume on major roads. While vehicle volume is only one of many factors that govern on-road emission rates, air quality analyses would be strengthened by incorporating information regarding the uncertainty and variability of traffic activity.     

移动式小型光伏供电系统设计

介绍了一种移动式小型光伏供电系统,着重介绍了系统的设计思路、硬件构成及软件设计。实践证明该系统运行稳定、操作简单、实用性强,并具有较高的价格优势及市场潜力。     

移动Ad Hoc网络的安全问题和解决方案

移动Ad Hoc网络的自身特点,使它比有线网络更容易遭受攻击。文章首先分析了威胁移动Ad Hoc网络安全的典型攻击,主要讨论了移动Ad Hoc网络的安全路由技术和入侵检测技术两种安全技术,对一些典型安全方案进行了论述与比较。     

移动IPv6关键协议技术的研究

综述了移动IPv6关键协议技术研究方面的一些最新的工作,分析了移动IPv6的基本原理,着重论述了移动IPv6所面临的问题,包括最小移动、快速切换、平滑切换等扩展协议,以及服务质量、通信安全等。     

移动互联技术在汽车检测企业的发展趋势研究

文章通过研究移动互联技术在国内外的发展历程,结合汽车检测行业推出的新政策,引出移动互联技术在汽车检测行业的发展趋势。通过研究这一课题,进一步从移动互联技术的特点以及移动互联技术在汽车检测行业应用的必要性进行论述,提出了在当代企业竞争下,如何应用移动互联技术提高企业办公效率及核心竞争力。     

列车无线定位方法初探

介绍了我国现有列车定位方法,简要阐述了基于网络的无线定位方法及其定位参数的测量与估计.结合铁路交通中的具体情况,分析适用我国铁路的列车无线定位技术以及确定定位点的图解方法,并分析了影响列车无线定位精度的因素,最后对列车无线定位的抗干扰措施进行了探讨.     

铁路移动数据系统的设计与实现

现有铁路信息系统难以满足日益增长的IP移动数据服务需求，全国下一代网络CNGI的建设也使铁路信息系统面临着网络过渡问题。为此，提出面向下一代互联网络的铁路移动数据系统解决方案，重点解决IP地址和域名管理、移动性接入与通信等技术难点，确保铁路信息系统与下一代互联网互联互通。     

胶济铁路干线调度集中系统的研究

调度集中系统是铁路运输调度指挥的重要行车设备，是提高铁路调度指挥效率、保证行车安全的重要系统。分散自律调度集中系统是综合了计算机技术、网络通信技术和现代控制技术，采用智能化分散自律设计原则，以列车运行调整计划控制为中心，兼顾列车与调车作业的高度自动化的调度指挥系统。现以胶济线为背景，详细分析胶济线的运输组织模式及运输作业特点，总结该线铁路运输规律，在此基础上提出了适用于繁忙铁路干线的调度集中系统方案，探讨了调度集中系统的应用对传统运输组织模式所带来的变革。胶济线调度集中系统的应用，为全路繁忙铁路干线实现调度集中指挥提供了示范。     

移动通信在铁路运输安全生产管理中的运用

以移动通信在电务安全生产管理中的运用为例，说明移动通信在铁路运输安全生产管理中具有广阔的运用前景