AERMOD for near-road pollutant dispersion: Evaluation of model performance with different emission source representations and low wind options

The performance of the regulatory dispersion model AERMOD in simulating vehicle-emitted pollutant concentrations near-roadway using area or volume source representation of emissions and with different low wind options was assessed using the SF₆ tracer data from the General Motors (GM) Sulfur Dispersion Experiment. At downwind receptor locations, AERMOD, using either area or volume source emissions, can reasonably predict the tracer concentrations near the surface (0.5 m) but the model performance decreases at higher elevations (3.5m and 9.5m above the surface). For upwind receptors, using an area source representation leads to significant under-predictions due to AERMOD’s lack of treatment of lateral plume meander, but using volume source representation leads to over-predictions of upwind concentrations regardless of the low wind options for plume meander. Among the three low wind options currently available in AERMOD, best model performance is obtained with low wind option 3, which treats plume meander with a higher minimal standard deviation of the horizontal crosswind component (σ_v,min = 0.3 m s⁻¹), eliminates upwind component of dispersion and uses an effective lateral dispersion parameter (σ_y) to replicate centerline concentration. The optional adjustment of the surface friction velocity in the meteorological preprocessor AERMET does not lead to obvious improvements in predicted near-road concentrations for this application.     

Study on the framework of hybrid collision warning system using loop detectors and vehicle information

Safety warning systems generally operate based on information from sensors attached to individual vehicles. Various types of data used for collision risk calculation can be categorized into two types, microscopic or macroscopic, depending on how the sensors collect the information of traffic state. Most collision warning systems use only either of these types of data, but they all have limitations imposed by the data, such as requirement of high installation cost and high market penetration rate of devices. In order to overcome these limits, we propose a collision warning system that utilizes the integrated information of macroscopic data and microscopic data, from loop detectors and smartphones respectively. The proposed system is evaluated by simulating a real vehicle trip based on the NGSIM data. We compare the results against collision warning systems based on macroscopic data from infrastructure and microscopic data from Vehicle-to-Vehicle information. The analysis of three systems shows two findings that (a) ICWS (Infrastructure-based Collision Warning System) is inadequate for immediate collision warning system and (b) VCWS (V2V communication based Collision Warning System) and HCWS (Hybrid Collision Warning System) produce collision warning at very similar timing, even with different behavior of individual drivers. Advantages of HCWS are that it can be directly applied to existing system with small additional cost, because data of loop detector are already available to be used in Korea and smartphones are widely spread. Also, the computation power distributed to each individual smartphone greatly increases the efficiency of the system by distributing the computation resources and load.     

Developing Metro Systems in the People’s Republic of China: Policy and Gaps

Rapid urbanization has taken place in China since the Open Policy in 1978. In face of the growing demand for mobility in large cities, new metro systems were developed in large cities like Guangzhou and Shanghai. At present, there are seven cities with 10 metro lines under construction. What are the policy issues and major challenges of developing metro systems in China? This paper systematically reviews the current situation and highlights three major gaps that Chinese cities have to overcome in planning metro systems. They are the technology gap, the financing gap and the affordability gap. A discussion of these gaps in the Chinese context leads us to the conclusion that early planning and careful studies are important in the development of metro systems in China. Moreover, the existing official criteria (population and economic power) for approving the building of metro systems are insufficient and should be supplemented by more vigorous evaluation criteria.     

Second-order models and traffic data from mobile sensors

Mobile sensing enabled by GPS or smart phones has become an increasingly important source of traffic data. For sufficient coverage of the traffic stream, it is important to maintain a reasonable penetration rate of probe vehicles. From the standpoint of capturing higher-order traffic quantities such as acceleration/deceleration, emission and fuel consumption rates, it is desirable to examine the impact on the estimation accuracy of sampling frequency on vehicle position. Of the two issues raised above, the latter is rarely studied in the literature. This paper addresses the impact of both sampling frequency and penetration rate on mobile sensing of highway traffic. To capture inhomogeneous driving conditions and deviation of traffic from the equilibrium state, we employ the second-order phase transition model (PTM). Several data fusion schemes that incorporate vehicle trajectory data into the PTM are proposed. And, a case study of the NGSIM dataset is presented which shows the estimation results of various Eulerian and Lagrangian traffic quantities. The findings show that while first-order traffic quantities can be accurately estimated even with a low sampling frequency, higher-order traffic quantities, such as acceleration, deviation, and emission rate, tend to be misinterpreted due to insufficiently sampled vehicle locations. We also show that a correction factor approach has the potential to reduce the sensing error arising from low sampling frequency and penetration rate, making the estimation of higher-order quantities more robust against insufficient data coverage of the highway traffic.     

乘客信息显示系统移动宽带传输网建设与思考

移动宽带传输网实现了乘客信息显示系统(PIDS)地面设备与车载设备之间的双向信息交换,是PIDS系统的重要组成部分。研究广州地铁1—4号线PIDS移动宽带传输网建设方案,对车-地信息传输方式进行分析,讨论几种无线传输技术,并对网络冗余设计和抗干扰进行分析。     

基于移动卫星通讯的列车自动报点系统与运行图绘制

列车自动报点系统包括车载系统和地面系统,车载系统通过移动卫星通讯,将列车所在位置、运行速度、车站停靠等信息实时传输到地面系统,地面系统自动绘制列车实绩运行图并在电子地图上显示列车的位置。运行图的绘制采用双缓冲实现视图的快速显示,解决了报点时刻以及车次标注的重叠问题,并在Delphi中自己创建新类模拟画笔来完成绘制不同类型列车运行线的要求。实绩运行图可以像其它图形软件一样实现放大、缩小、平移等视图操作,并可以在任何支持图形打印的打印机或者绘图仪上打印,软件自动根据打印机类型和纸张大小将打印效果调至最佳。     

移动式小型光伏供电系统设计

介绍了一种移动式小型光伏供电系统,着重介绍了系统的设计思路、硬件构成及软件设计。实践证明该系统运行稳定、操作简单、实用性强,并具有较高的价格优势及市场潜力。     

三维波束成形麦克风阵列在风洞测试中的应用

得益于非常安静的背景噪声（风速 140 km/h,声压级小于 58 dBA）和优秀的低频压力脉动（Cp rms ＜ 0.005）,中国汽车工程研究院（CAERI）风洞中心的气动声学风洞为汽车空气动力学开发提供良好的声学测试平台。中国汽研风洞中心安装一套由 3 块麦克风阵列（3×168 通道）组成的三维麦克风阵列测试系统,对车外气动噪声源进行定位及分析。采用“声学照相机原理”,即噪声云图通过波束成形的高级算法投射到车身三维表面（3D）上进行定位显示。     

喷射机械手智能控制系统与喷射路径规划设计研究

为提高隧道施工中混凝土喷射的效率与质量,减轻劳动强度并使作业人员远离喷射区域,在机械化操作的基础上,研发喷射机械手智能化控制系统,对智能化控制系统的构成、各子系统的原理与作用进行介绍。喷射机械手智能化控制系统采用全站仪作为测量仪器,采用定位算法计算隧道大地坐标系与湿喷机基坐标系之间的转换关系; 采用三维激光扫描仪获取待喷面的点云空间坐标,计算待喷面的超欠挖信息; 利用机器人学建立喷射机械手运动学模型,设计正解算法与逆解算法计算喷射机械手的空间位姿,并根据目标空间位姿反算喷射机械手各关节运动值的路径规划系统。工程实践结果表明： 智能化喷射控制系统可以对周边环境进行识别,根据识别结果规划喷射路径,并根据不同区域的超欠挖情况动态控制喷射参量。     

F型车钩及其国产化

简述了F型车钩的概况、结构特点、技术特点及主要性能参数,并介绍了F型车钩在国产化过程中的试验验证情况。