Research on the dynamic buckling of a typical deck grillage structure subjected to in-plane impact Load

The dynamic buckling of the main deck grillage would result in the total collapse of the ship hull subjected to a far-filed underwater explosion. This dynamic buckling is mainly due to the dynamic moment of the ship hull when the ship hull experiences a sudden movement under impact load from the explosion. In order to investigate the ultimate strength of a typical deck grillage under quasi-static and dynamic in-plane compressive load, a structure model, in which the real constrained condition of the deck grillage was taken into consideration, was designed and manufactured. The quasi-static ultimate strength and damage mode of the deck grillage under in-plane compressive load was experimentally investigated. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was employed to predict the ultimate strength of the deck grillage subjected to quasi-static in-plane compressive load, and was validated by comparing the results from experimental tests and numerical simulations. In addition, the numerical simulations of dynamic buckling of the same model under in-plane impact load was performed, in which the influences of the load amplitude and the frequency of dynamic impact load, as well as the initial stress and deflection induced by wave load on the ultimate strength and failure mode were investigated. The results show that the dynamic buckling mode is quite different from the failure mode of the structure subjected to quasi-static in-plane compressive load. The displacements of deck edge in the vertical direction and the axial displacements are getting larger with the decrease of impact frequency. Besides, it is found that the dynamic buckling strength roughly linearly decreased with the increase of initial proportion of the static ultimate strength P₀. The conclusions drawn from the researches of this paper would help better designing of the ship structure under impact loads.     

Theoretical Formula for Calculating Negative Skin Friction of Pile in Layered Soil and Its Application

Based on Zeevaert's method, a theoretical formula was developed to calculate the negative skin friction of pile in layered soil. For practical purpose,a cut-and-try method was proposed to determine neutral point. Case studies indicate that the total calculated negative skin friction was in agreement with the measured one, which verifies the feasibility and practicability of theoretical formula. Furthermore, the methods for calculating efficiency factor of drag load and settlement were also given.     

External costs of electric vehicles

Electric vehicles (EV) are often considered a promising technology to decrease external costs of road transport. Therefore, main external cost components are estimated for EV and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). These include costs of accidents, air pollution, climate change, noise, and congestion. All components are estimated over the product lifetime and, where appropriate, differentiated according to fuel type, vehicle size as well as emission location and time. The advantage of this differentiation is, however, compensated by high uncertainties of most cost estimates. Overall, the external costs of EV and ICEV do not differ significantly. Only for climate change, local air pollutants in congested inner-cities, and noise some advantageous effects can be observed for EV. The advantages depend strongly on the national electricity power plant portfolio and potentially also on the charging strategy. Controlled charging might allow for higher emission reductions than uncontrolled charging of EV.     

对冲击破碎机械工作机构撞击中心的分析

撞击中心对于机器的性能设计和节能研究至关重要。为了确定冲击、破碎机械工作机构撞击中心的位置，采用运动学和动力学的分析方法，分别以碰撞体和工作机构为研究对象，通过分析碰撞方程和运动方程，验证撞击中心的位置以及碰撞体应满足的几何条件，为冲击、破碎机械的设计提供了理论依据。     

A dynamic wheel–rail impact analysis of railway track under wheel flat by finite element analysis

Wheel–rail interaction is one of the most important research topics in railway engineering. It involves track impact response, track vibration and track safety. Track structure failures caused by wheel–rail impact forces can lead to significant economic loss for track owners through damage to rails and to the sleepers beneath. Wheel–rail impact forces occur because of imperfections in the wheels or rails such as wheel flats, irregular wheel profiles, rail corrugations and differences in the heights of rails connected at a welded joint. A wheel flat can cause a large dynamic impact force as well as a forced vibration with a high frequency, which can cause damage to the track structure. In the present work, a three-dimensional finite element (FE) model for the impact analysis induced by the wheel flat is developed by the use of the FE analysis (FEA) software package ANSYS and validated by another validated simulation. The effect of wheel flats on impact forces is thoroughly investigated. It is found that the presence of a wheel flat will significantly increase the dynamic impact force on both rail and sleeper. The impact force will monotonically increase with the size of wheel flats. The relationships between the impact force and the wheel flat size are explored from this FEA and they are important for track engineers to improve their understanding of the design and maintenance of the track system.     

Spatio-temporal variations in deep-sea demersal communities off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean)

The spatial and temporal variations of deep-sea megafaunal assemblages from the western Mediterranean are analysed in the present paper. The assemblages from two locations of the Balearic Islands situated 120 km apart were compared using data collected seasonally on a bathymetric stratum covering the 150–750 m depth range during six bottom-trawl surveys. The assemblage structure, in terms of species composition, species dominance and population sizes, was differentially affected by the spatio-temporal variables analysed (depth, location and fishing period). Although depth was the main factor determining the assemblage composition, the differences obtained between the two locations were also relevant. On the upper slope these between-location differences in the dynamics of megafaunal assemblages were found to be related to the effect of fishing exploitation. Population size-based metrics and biomass spectra were good predictors of meso-scale fishing effects, and were mainly reflected by elasmobranchs and demersal teleosts. Nevertheless, the effects of fishing depended on the species considered. Two dominant large-sized fish species found on the upper slope in both localities, Galeus melastomus and Phycis blennoides, had higher biomass values associated with lower fishing effort. Although the mean body weight (MBW) of both species and also the mean maximum body weight (MMBW) of G. melastomus agreed with this pattern, the P. blennoides MMBW did not. This last case could be indicative of natural size-trends such as the bigger–deeper phenomenon which refers to the displacement of large individuals towards the deeper limit of their bathymetric distribution, beyond the maximum depth sampled in this study for this species. By contrast, the target species of the upper slope fishery, the red shrimp Aristeus antennatus, was not negatively affected by the direct impact of fishing activity and other environmental factors, such as the presence of specific water masses could also be important.     

真空预压加固吹填土地基对周边环境的影响

为了研究真空预压加固吹填土地基对周边环境的影响,结合广州港南沙港区二期工程软基处理工程现场试验,综合分析了真空预压影响区的孔隙水压、地下水位、沉降和侧向变形等变化规律.分析结果表明,真空预压的影响距离达28～41 m,影响深度达24 m;真空预压对周围影响与地质条件等有较大的联系,影响区插设塑料排水板后,地表沉降和表层位移降低约2/3,侧向位移降低约1/3;影响区为已真空预压加固区时,影响区土体变形模量因固结而增大,刚度提高,侧向变形显著降低,约为未加固影响区的6%.     

宝钢马迹山矿石中转港无功功率补偿及谐波滤波设计

宝钢马迹山矿石中转港盐雾腐蚀严重，供电电网短路容量小，港内有大冲击负荷。针对上述特点，在港区无功功率补偿及谐波设计时，选用了热管自冷却技术的SVC装置，实际运行效果非常好。可为类似工程提供借鉴。     

沥青混凝土路面平整度的影响因素及处理措施

在公路建设中，需通过科学的施工手段来保证沥青混凝土路面的平整度。鉴于此，对影响沥青混凝土路面平整度的因素进行探讨，并分析相应的处理措施，以期为相关技术人员提供参考与借鉴。     

高速公路施工中的冲击碾压技术探讨

高速公路的路基一般都填筑得比较高，实际承受的车辆载荷也比一般公路大，因此，在进行高速公路设计与建设时，一定要高度重视其强度以及稳定性，以保证高速公路最佳的使用效果和最长的寿命。一旦高速公路路基在不良的地形条件下发生沉降变形，就会较大程度地影响到路基的服务功能。高速公路施工中，冲击碾压技术的正确应用能够非常有效地减少路基的沉降变形，较好地保障路基的强度和稳定性，应用前景非常好。