哥本哈根TOD模式研究

在长远规划的指导下,哥本哈根利用公交引导城市发展的模式(TOD)构建了“手形”的城市形态和可持续的交通系统,放射形的轨道交通线网对引导城市有序扩张起到了决定性作用。以哥本哈根城市发展经验为例,结合国内城市的发展状况,提出了中国城市应该大力推广TOD模式,并特别提出了以快速公交系统引导城市发展的新理念。     

The lurch towards formalisation: Lessons from the implementation of BRT in Johannesburg,South Africa

The City of Johannesburg, South Africa, implemented the first phase of its Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system named Rea Vaya between 2009 and 2011. The system design and organisational arrangements drew heavily on precedents from South America, especially insofar as BRT is used as an instrument for securing the transformation and formalisation of a fragmented and problematic informal public transport industry. Despite the inevitable transition problems, the formalisation scheme appears to be generally successful – an outcome that surprised many analysts as it follows a long history of mistrust, resistance, and unsuccessful interventions between government and the minibus taxi industry. The paper offers an analysis of the reasons for the successful transformation of participating taxi operators, by using a life-cycle analogy. We argue that the minibus-taxi industry in South Africa has reached a state of stasis and maturity, with limited opportunities for further growth in its present form. BRT, as it is implemented locally, offers opportunities for re-invention – for moving onto new a potential growth trajectory – by overcoming the binding constraints of informality and by opening up new markets to operators. The life-cycle analysis also offers some insights into critical success factors that, if not met in the long run, could jeopardise the longevity and scalability of the formalisation project. The paper concludes with insights regarding the planning and management of BRT systems to maximise their potential for leveraging the formalisation of informal operators, both in South Africa and in other developing countries.     

How much can public private partnership really do for urban transport in developing countries?

A few cities in some of the larger developing countries in Latin America and Asia have made increasing use of multi-year concessions or franchises, competitively awarded to private companies, for construction and operation of urban transport infrastructure and for provision of public transport services. In view of the strong prospective growth of developing-country cities with large transport needs, and the rise in the emerging economies of potential new sources of private capital, it is important to see how effective PPP has so far been in this area. The experience is analyzed principally by thorough comparative review of what has actually happened for some of the main users to date: Bogotá, Santiago, São Paulo, Seoul, and several cities in both China and India. Despite delays and mistakes that have been made in development of most of the projects, the overall results, already delivered and in prospect, are very positive and urban public transport is benefiting substantially, with significant side effects on poorer people's access to work and to services, air pollution levels and road accident rates. The widest and most important advantage of the PPP arrangements, as compared with more conventional short-term contracting, is found to be the innovations, technical and managerial, developed, and, in particular, the mutual capacity building of the countries' private and public sectors and their more effective interaction. The experience in the six countries covered suggests that other developing-country cities may be best assisted to develop sound urban transport PPPs more rapidly through provision of help on chosen items among 7 elements that have proved particularly crucial but sometimes weak in the projects reviewed: Civic consultation systems, Land-use/Transport strategic planning, Land/property market management, Monitoring systems, Progressive policies, Economic regulation, and Public institutional framework for PPPs.     

地铁大规模发展阶段的资金平衡问题研究——以南京地铁为例

在目前地铁的大规模发展阶段，地铁公司迫切需要解决的是巨大建设资金来源、运营资金平衡等问题。通过分析轨道交通项目及地铁企业发展的规律，提出具体建议：该阶段资金平衡的思路应从项目和公司两个层面考虑，科学设计政府补偿方案，使地铁收益最大化，明确地铁投资责任。对南京地铁案例进行剖析，归纳出南京地铁大规模发展阶段资金平衡的模式，最后提出地铁可持续发展应从更高层系统优化的观点。     

城市公共交通面临的挑战及应对策略——BRT的发展及应用的研究

中国城市公共交通发展面临着严重的挑战,城市快速公交系统(BRT)作为一种介于轨道交通与常规公交之间的新型公共交通运营系统以其独有的特征在世界范围内得到广泛推广,可有效地缓解城市道路拥堵.本文分析了我国大城市公共交通面临的问题,对BRT与常规公共交通进行了对比,总结了BRT的优势;介绍了国外快速公交系统发展的先进经验及对我国的借鉴意义,针对我国BRT发展现状,提出发展快速公交系统的建议.     

厦门市快速公交系统出行链特征指标调查研究

为掌握BRT乘客的出行特征和BRT的运营效果,提高BRT系统的服务水平。研究对BRT乘客展开了站点问卷调查。通过出行行为调查分析了BRT出行链的特征。利用乘客满意度评价指标体系对运营效果进行了综合评价。调查表明BRT主要承担了居民日常通勤和8公里以上的中远距离出行,站点服务范围在15分钟步行半径内,出行链两端的方式分布具有明显的对称性,链接线接驳模式效果较好,其运营参数在满意度综合评价体系中取得了较高评价。研究同时对相关问题提出了改进建议与措施．对于厦门市BRT的服务水平改善和其他城市的BRT系统建设具有借鉴意义。     

BRT时空优先系统的研究

近年来,快速公交因其运量大、快速、舒适、安全、成本低等优点在国内外各大城市迅猛发展,在解决城市交通问题中凸显出重要的地位。其中BRT的时空双向优先系统是区别于常规公交的较为显著的特点之一,为其运行的快速性和高效性提供了技术保证,也为提高BRT对广大民众的出行吸引奠定了基础。     

BRT快速公交的工程设计技术

该文通过在不同改造环境条件下的BRT工程的实践应用研究,提出BRT在新建道路和在既有城市道路骨干路网上布设的设计技术,包括近远期建设结合,站距选择、车道布置、车站设置、站台设计,以及快速公交系统与普通公交系统的协调设计等方面,可提供BRT工程设计时的经验借鉴。