区域交通枢纽与经济发展适应度研究

为促进区域交通枢纽与经济的协调发展,研究了区域交通枢纽与经济发展水平的适应度。首先,建立交通枢纽与经济交互作用下的两个子系统,然后选取交通枢纽与经济相关指标,构建适应度评价函数,进而评价交通枢纽与经济发展的适应情况。以九龙坡区为研究对象,将2008—2015 年交通枢纽与经济基础数据转化为其增长率,然后对二者综合发展水平进行了计算,根据适 应度模型对二者之间的适应度进行测算。结果显示,经济综合发展水平略大于交通枢纽发展水平,二者之间适应度经历“S”型周期波动变化过程,且适应度值整体处于0.4 以上,均未达到较强的适应状态。在未来经济发展中,交通枢纽建设有待加强,而且需占主导地位,才能引导经济 快速发展。     

Carpooling and carpool clubs: Clarifying concepts and assessing value enhancement possibilities through a Stated Preference web survey in Lisbon, Portugal

The increase of urban traffic congestion calls for studying alternative measures for mobility management, and one of these measures is carpooling. In theory, these systems could lead to great reductions in the use of private vehicles; however, in practice they have obtained limited success for two main reasons: the psychological barriers associated with riding with strangers and poor schedule flexibility. To overcome some of the limitations of the traditional schemes, we proposed studying a carpooling club model with two main new features: establishing a base trust level for carpoolers to find compatible matches for traditional groups and at the same time allowing to search for a ride in an alternative group when the pool member has a trip schedule different from the usual one. A web-based survey was developed for the Lisbon Metropolitan Region (Portugal), including a Stated Preference experiment, to test the concept and confirm previous knowledge on these systems’ determinants. It was found through a binary logit Discrete Choice Model calibration that carpooling is still attached with lower income strata and that saving money is still an important reason for participating in it. The club itself does not show promise introducing more flexibility in these systems; however, it should provide a way for persons to interact and trust each other at least to the level of working colleagues.     

Assessing the cost of transfer inconvenience in public transport systems: A case study of the London Underground

Few studies have adequately assessed the cost of transfers² in public transport systems, or provided useful guidance on transfer improvements, such as where to invest (which facility), how to invest (which aspect), and how much to invest (quantitative justification of the investment). This paper proposes a new method based on path choice,³ taking into account both the operator’s service supply and the customers’ subjective perceptions to assess transfer cost and to identify ways to reduce it. This method evaluates different transfer components (e.g., transfer walking, waiting, and penalty) with distinct policy solutions and differentiates between transfer stations and movements.The method is applied to one of the largest and most complex public transport systems in the world, the London Underground (LUL), with a focus on 17 major transfer stations and 303 transfer movements. This study confirms that transfers pose a significant cost to LUL, and that cost is distributed unevenly across stations and across platforms at a station. Transfer stations are perceived very differently by passengers in terms of their overall cost and composition. The case study suggests that a better understanding of transfer behavior and improvements to the transfer experience could significantly benefit public transport systems.     

Bicycling renaissance in North America? An update and re-appraisal of cycling trends and policies

This paper reviews trends in cycling levels, safety, and policies in Canada and the USA over the past two decades. We analyze aggregate data for the two countries as well as city-specific case study data for nine large cities (Chicago, Minneapolis, Montréal, New York, Portland, San Francisco, Toronto, Vancouver, and Washington). Cycling levels have increased in both the USA and Canada, while cyclist fatalities have fallen. There is much spatial variation and socioeconomic inequality in cycling rates. The bike share of work commuters is more than twice as high in Canada as in the USA, and is higher in the western parts of both countries. Cycling is concentrated in central cities, especially near universities and in gentrified neighborhoods near the city center. Almost all the growth in cycling in the USA has been among men between 25-64 years old, while cycling rates have remained steady among women and fallen sharply for children. Cycling rates have risen much faster in the nine case study cities than in their countries as a whole, at least doubling in all the cities since 1990. They have implemented a wide range of infrastructure and programs to promote cycling and increase cycling safety: expanded and improved bike lanes and paths, traffic calming, parking, bike-transit integration, bike sharing, training programs, and promotional events. We describe the specific accomplishments of the nine case study cities, focusing on each city’s innovations and lessons for other cities trying to increase cycling. Portland’s comprehensive package of cycling policies has succeeded in raising cycling levels 6-fold and provides an example that other North American cities can follow.     

Much Ado about Nothing? - An analysis of economic impacts and ecologic effects of the EU-emission trading scheme in the aviation industry

From 2012 on, all CO₂ emissions from flights departing from or arriving at airports within the European Union have to be offset. We analyze the economic and ecological impacts that are caused by an inclusion of the aviation industry into the proposed emissions trading scheme (ETS). Building on the now fixed system design we employ a simulation model to estimate the impacts of the scheme. Our results indicate that financial impacts are highly dependant on external settings, such as allowance prices and demand growth. We show that the financial burden on the aviation industry will be rather modest in the first years after the introduction of the system and therefore induce only low competition distortions. Likewise, emission reductions within air transportation will be comparably low. While aviation will induce a decline of emissions in other sectors, significant absolute reductions within air transportation can only be reached by a more restrictive system design.     

Evolution of Regional Transport Structure Information Entropy and Its Dynamic Analysis

Because of the complex influencing factors, the research on transportation structure usually based on a simple combination of qualitative analysis and ratio-based relation, which lacks of objective quantitative evaluation. The paper applies the information entropy theory to quantitatively study the evolution and development law for regional transportation structure. First, the transport structure information entropy is proposed, and a balanced transportation structure and dominance indicators is proposed to measure the structure and evolution law. Based on that, the main driving-force factors are identified by principal component analysis with combination of gray relational method. The driving-force factors are: total investment in fixed assets, comprehensive factor and population. These may provide evidence for structural optimization of transportation decision-making theory. In the final section, Jiangsu province structural analysis is taken as an example to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.     

公路客运应对高速铁路发展策略研究

通过回顾公铁交锋历程,提出公路客运面临的问题,在分析高速铁路客运与公路客运各自的优劣势的基础上,提出公路客运增优降劣策略。     

危险品运输安全评价指标体系的构建及权重的确定

针对我国危险品运输安全经营的现状,在专家调研的基础上,综合车辆、人员、环境、管理四个方面的因素,构建了危险品运输三级评价模型指标体系。利用层次分析法中的1～9比例标度准则建立判别矩阵,确定各级评价指标对总目标的权重。对指标权重进行一致性检验证明,所构建的指标合理可信,完全可应用到危险品运输的安全评价中。     

小件快运中的最短运输时间问题

小件快运经过多年的发展,已经成为公路客运一个新的经济增长点,越来越多的公路客运企业和汽车客运站加入到经营小件快运的行列,小件快运也逐渐由单个企业的独立运营发展到多个企业联合的网络化运营。对中转运输中多条运输线路进行分析,得到最短运输时间线路,从而提高运输效率。     

交通区位性能与大型铁路客站对交通资源的整合作用

本文提出交通区位性能的概念,构建基于交通区位性能视角的大型铁路客站对交通资源整合作用的理论解释框架,以此来探讨网络中枢纽节点的资源配置效率与网络效率之间的内在关系,并从交通资源、运输产品以及运输业网络经济的角度对框架进行分析论证。大型铁路客站的交通区位性能是决定客站能否充分发挥整合作用的关键因素,铁路客站通过提升其交通区位性能而有效发挥对交通资源的整合作用,并表现为通过提高交通资源的耦合程度、改善运输产品及服务质量、实现运输业网络经济而最终达到提高网络效率的目的。