轿车碰撞安全性的评价及车身碰撞安全性设计

汽车的安全越来越受到重视，各国各地区都加强了对安全法规的制定工作，尤其是碰撞安全性更是得到关注。目前，在美国、日本、欧洲及澳洲都有称为NCAP的组织机构，对不同车型进行汽车碰撞安全性评估。汽车碰撞安全性评估主要包括正面碰撞、侧面碰撞、儿童保护和行人保护4个方面。防正面碰撞的车身结构设计已经成熟，由刚性的乘员舱与前后的吸能区组成，并注意吸能后撞击力的分流；防侧面碰撞的车身结构设计也正趋完善，重点是放在加强车身刚性和冲击力分流2个方面；为满足保护行人法规要求，整车的造型和汽车前部结构发生了很大的变化。     

基于VxWorks的复杂道口监控系统软件研究

分析了基于单片机的道口控制系统中存在的问题,结合VxWorks实时多任务操作系统的特点,提出了一种基于VxWorks环境下的道口控制软件的设计方法。针对实际道口的测试结果表明,在VxWorks环境下更容易满足复杂道口控制软件的实时性、多任务的调度要求,并且有利于提高道口的安全性。     

Crash analysis at intersections in the CBD: A survival analysis model

Enhancing the safety level of urban roads especially in CBDs is paramount. Due to a large number of intersections in what is usually a grid road system in the CBDs, we investigate crashes occurring in and around an intersection. The question of interest in this study is: does the nature of crashes at intersections differ from those of the roads at midblock? Stated more precisely, considering the intersection as a reference point, does the distance to the reference point (i.e. midblock locations on the roads) correlate with different types of crashes compared to that of the intersection? A right answer can lead traffic engineers and safety auditors to propose different safety measures at intersections and the midblock locations. As a pilot study, we collected the last 9 years crash data of the CBD of Melbourne, Australia. For the first time, we employ Survival Analysis models -including Exponential, Weibull, and Log-logistic- to investigate a space-dependent phenomenon (i.e. accidents at proximity to the intersection). Of the outcome, highlights are: (i) police presence at busy intersections during busy night outs and weekends highly improves the pedestrian safety (ii) raised crossings at midblock locations lower likelihood of crashes of pedestrians as well as cars, (iii) lighting conditions at intersections must be watched and kept at a high level. (iv) Severity, likelihood, and location have no known association with the level of congestion. In other words, safety is first, always and everywhere. The results can be of interest to traffic authorities and policy makers in reinforcing traffic calming measures in the cities. The codes developed in this study are made available to the research community to be used in further studies.     

钢质机动管线穿越水域铺设

介绍了钢质机动管线穿越水域铺设的几种形式和所用器材,分析了不同穿越形式的优缺点、水面穿越设备穿越河流时所呈现的“水平悬管”的受力状况,提出了不同穿越形式具体的铺设及适用条件,可供钢质机动管线水域穿越施工时参考。     

简述汽车行人保护的现状与发展方向

近年来汽车碰撞安全的发展一日千里。但相对于日臻完善乘员保护研究,对行人的保护在过去并没有受到同等的重视。为此,欧洲自2005年开始把行人保护要求视为车辆设计必须考虑的因素。本文将从各个方面简要介绍汽车工业在行人保护上的发展现状,面临的挑战及未来可能的发展方向。     

Modifying pedestrian behaviour

The paper reports on research using a new type of pedestrian waiting countdown timer to influence pedestrian behaviour at signalised pedestrian crossings in Dublin. The aim was to evaluate the impact of the timers on pedestrian crossing behaviour and in particular to see if it had any impact on the number of illegal crossings (during red man––do not walk signal). The timers inform the pedestrian how many seconds they have to wait until the green man appears. Two surveys were used to evaluate the impact: an attitude survey to evaluate the perception of the users and a video survey to estimate quantitatively the impacts on pedestrian behaviour but also to evaluate the awareness levels of the pedestrians towards the countdown timers. Some of the results include observance of more compliant behaviour by females and that pedestrians tend to overestimate their waiting time. Before the timers were installed 65% of pedestrians started to cross during the green man and amber phases but this rose to 76% after the timers were installed.     

基于E—NCAP行人碰撞保护的发动机罩设计

行人头部碰撞保护一直是汽车行人安全设计的难点,随着E—NCAP对行人保护要求的不断提高,头部保护的得分比重对于获得高星级评价至关重要。文章基于某车型E—NCAPV6．2五星性能开发,采用虚拟仿真与试验测试有效结合的方法,对发动机罩进行了优化设计,提出了一种有利于行人头部碰撞保护的发动机罩。改进前后测试成绩的对比分析表明,该结构可极大优化行人头部碰撞保护效果,使发动机罩头部测试区域得分总分提升至24．43分,满足E—NCAPV6．2五星行人保护性能要求。可为后续设计提供参考,具有很高的推广价值。     

宁波甬江沉管隧道建设和运营维护

宁波甬江沉管隧道是我国大陆第一座水底软土地基沉管隧道,1995年建成通车。本文介绍了甬江沉管隧道的设计、施工、运营及大修概况,分析了隧道沉降和结构病害的原因,并提出一些改进措施和建议,以期为类似工程提供借鉴。     

人车相撞头部伤害影响因素仿真分析及试验

在汽车与行人碰撞事故中,行人头部伤害是造成行人重伤或死亡的主要原因。采用有限元三维实体建模技术,建立了发动机罩和包括头皮、头骨两层球体结构的行人头部有限元模型,分析了头部与发动机罩的瞬态大变形非线性撞击响应,得到了头部与发动机罩相撞时的速度、位置及头部质量、发动机罩的厚度、摩擦因数等因素对头部伤害的影响规律,并对铝质与钢质发动机罩作了比较,结果表明铝质发动机罩对行人头部具有更好的保护效果。