东海大桥Ⅶ标主桥斜拉桥主塔施工

东海大桥Ⅶ标主桥——颗珠山大桥为斜拉桥,主塔为П形钢筋混凝土结构,采用塔吊配翻模施工,文中对模板、劲性骨架、主塔施工进行了总结,可供海上斜拉桥施工参考。     

针对行人保护头部仿真分析中雨刮臂的接触设置研究

利用计算机进行有限元仿真分析,在汽车行人保护性能开发过程中有着广泛的应用。对于行人保护建模来说,风挡玻璃区域应按照实际情况对玻璃进行准确建模,然而对于风挡玻璃与雨刮器采用以往的接触设置,雨刮臂与玻璃产生穿透现象。因此为了解决穿透问题,准确模拟出其实际运动关系,对于雨刮臂与风挡玻璃之间的接触设置研究是非常有必要的。     

行人保护法规现状及发展趋势

随着汽车保有量不断增加,交通事故中行人受到伤亡也在不断增多,因此各国都在加强汽车对行人碰撞保护的研究。文章在介绍各国行人保护法规现状的同时,对各国行人保护法规的试验条件及性能要求进行了比较,并对行人保护法规的发展进行了分析,指出我国应综合国外在行人保护方面取得的成果,逐步提出适合我国国情的行人保护要求,减少行人在交通事故中受到的伤害。     

Investigating the applicability of exclusive pedestrian phase at two‐phase actuated controlled intersections

The exclusive pedestrian phase (EPP) has been used in many countries to promote walking around downtown areas by increasing the ease and convenience of pedestrian crossing. However, its applicability has not been systematically demonstrated, especially when an intersection is operated in actuated mode. This paper presents an extensive simulation‐based analysis of the applicability of EPP as compared with a normal concurrent pedestrian‐phase pattern at an isolated intersection controlled by actuated logic. Actuated signal control logics for EPP‐actuated and conventional concurrent pedestrian phase‐actuated controls are developed. Both of these control logics consider pedestrian crossing demands and can adapt to changes in vehicle traffic to reduce vehicle delay as well. A simulation model of a two‐phase controlled intersection is built and calibrated based on field data using VISSIM (PTV Planung Transport Verkehr AG in Karlsruhe, Germany). Extensive analysis is conducted to reveal fully the applicable EPP domain in terms of vehicle traffic demand, pedestrian demand, vehicle turning ratio, and pedestrian diagonal crossing ratio. The results show that the performance and applicable domain of EPP are jointly determined by those five factors. EPP significantly outperforms concurrent pedestrian phase if the vehicle turning ratio is greater than 0.6 and the pedestrian diagonal crossing ratio is greater than 0.6. These results can help traffic engineers in choosing the appropriate pedestrian‐phase patterns at actuated signalized intersections. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The relationship between segment-level built environment attributes and pedestrian activity around Bogota’s BRT stations

Few studies have examined the relationship between micro-scale features of the built environment and street segment usage. Micro-scale features of the built environment include the width of the sidewalk, the presence of amenities such as benches and trash bins, and the presence of crossing aids such as stoplights and crosswalks. This study employs segment-level primary data collected for 338 street segments in close proximity to one of 71 bus rapid transit stations in Bogotá, Colombia. We also use secondary data to control for area-level characteristics such as density, socio-economic stratum, unemployment, and crime. Factor and regression analyses are to use identify two dimensions of the built environment that are associated with higher levels of pedestrian activity: pedestrian-friendly amenities, comprised of wider and higher quality sidewalks and the presence of amenities such as benches, garbage cans, and bike paths; and connectivity, comprised of higher levels of road density, three- and four-way intersections, and density. In addition, we find greater pedestrian activity on segments with higher development intensity, with more mix of land uses, and with more crossing aids. Although the relationships identified are not causal, they are suggestive in terms of planning successful built environment interventions.     

路段人行横道交通设计方法研究

根据对我圆行人过街交通的分析,对适合我国混合交通情况下行人过街设施与设计理论进行了研究．通过对路段人行横道的位置、形式的确定方法以厦公交停靠站与人行横道的一体化设计等问题的分析,探索了行人过街交通与机动车交通的最佳组合,提出了改善混合交通通行秩序的措施,建立了适用人行横道设计的数学模型,并应用谊模型进行实例分析,结果表明谊模型有较好的应用价值．     

A mesoscopic model for large-scale simulation of pedestrian dynamics

A mesoscopic pedestrian model is proposed, considering pedestrians as individuals and describing their movement by means of aggregate density-flow relationships. The model builds on a stochastic process, describing transition rates among adjacent sites on a lattice. Each lattice can contain several pedestrians. The approach is minimal and fast to simulate, and, by construction, capable of capturing population heterogeneity as well as variability in walking behaviour and en-route path choice. The model is more efficient than microscopic models, and potentially more accurate than macroscopic ones. We calibrate and validate the model using real data and carry out several numerical experiments to present its key properties and possible applications for simulation of large-scale scenarios.     

Optimization of mid-block pedestrian crossing network with discrete demands

In many cases, pedestrian crossing demands are distributed discretely along an arterial segment. Demand origins, destinations and crosswalks comprise a pedestrian crossing network. An integrated model for optimizing the quantity, locations and signal settings of mid-block crosswalks simultaneously is proposed to best trade-off the operational performances between pedestrians and vehicles. Pedestrian behavior of choosing crosswalks is captured under a discrete demand distribution. Detour distance and delay at signalized crosswalks are formulated as a measure of pedestrian crossing cost. Maximum bandwidths are modeled in analytical expressions as a measure of vehicular cost. To solve the proposed model, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II) based algorithm is designed and employed to obtain the Pareto frontier efficiently. From the numerical study, it is found that there exists an optimal number of mid-block crosswalks. Excess available crosswalks may make no contributions to improvement in pedestrian cost when the constraint of the minimum interval between crosswalks and vehicular cost are taken into account. Two-stage crosswalks are more favorable than one-stage ones for the benefits of both pedestrian and vehicles. The study results show promising properties of the proposed method to assist transportation engineers in properly designing mid-block crosswalks along a road segment.     

Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess pedestrian receptivity toward fully autonomous vehicles

This study analyzes pedestrian receptivity toward fully autonomous vehicles (FAVs) by developing and validating a pedestrian receptivity questionnaire for FAVs (PRQF). The questionnaire included sixteen survey items based on attitude, social norms, trust, compatibility, and system effectiveness. 482 Participants from the United States (273 males and 209 females, age range: 18–71 years) responded to an online survey. A principal component analysis determined three subscales describing pedestrians’ receptivity toward FAVs: safety, interaction, and compatibility. This factor structure was verified by a confirmatory factor analysis and reliability of each subscale was confirmed (0.7 < Cronbach’s alpha < 0.9). Regression analyses investigated associations with scenario-based responses to the three PRQF subscale scores. Pedestrians’ intention to cross the road in front of FAVs was significantly predicted by both safety and interaction scores, but not by the compatibility score. Accepting FAVs in the existing traffic system was predicted by all three subscale scores. Demographic influence on the receptivity revealed that males and younger respondents were more receptive toward FAVs. Similarly, those from urban areas and people with higher personal innovativeness showed higher receptivity. Finally, a significant effect of pedestrian behavior (as measured by the pedestrian behavior questionnaire) on receptivity is explored. People who show positive behavior believed that the addition of FAVs will improve overall traffic safety. Those who show higher violation, lapse and aggression scores, were found to feel more confident about crossing the road in front of a FAV. This questionnaire can be a potential research tool for designing and improving FAVs for road-users outside the vehicles.