Environmental invitingness for transport-related cycling in middle-aged adults: A proof of concept study using photographs

IntroductionCurrent evidence on associations between modifiable environmental characteristics and transport-related cycling remains inconsistent. Most studies on these associations used questionnaires to determine environmental perceptions, but such tools may be subject to bias due to unreliable recall. Moreover, questionnaires only measure separate environmental characteristics, while real environments are a combination of different characteristics. To overcome these limitations, the present proof of concept study used panoramic photographs of cycling environments to capture direct responses to the physical environment. We examined which depicted environmental characteristics were associated to environments’ invitingness for transportation cycling. Furthermore, interactions with gender and participants’ cycling behavior were examined.MethodsFifty-nine middle-aged adults were recruited through purposeful convenience sampling. During a home visit, participants took part in a structured interview assessing demographics and PA during the preceding seven days, followed by an intuitive choice task and a (cognitive) rating task, which both measured 40 photographed environments’ invitingness to cycle along. Multi-level cross-classified analyses were conducted using MLwiN 2.26.ResultsBoth tasks’ multivariate results showed that presence of vegetation was identified as the most important environmental characteristic to invite people for engaging in transportation cycling, even when the amount of vegetation was relatively small. In the bivariate analyzes, some differences between results of the cognitive rating task and the intuitive choice task were found, showing that invitingness measured by the rating task was associated with environmental maintenance and cycling infrastructure, whereas invitingness determined by the choice task was associated with more traffic-oriented characteristics. Moreover, only for the choice task’s results, moderating effects of gender and participants’ cycling behavior in the preceding week were observed.ConclusionThe present study provides proof of concept that capturing people’s less cognitive, more intuitive responses to an environment’s invitingness for transport-related cycling may be important for revealing environment-behavior associations. If replicated in future studies using larger samples, results of our innovative measurements with photographs, especially those on vegetation, can complete the existing knowledge on which environmental characteristics are important for transportation cycling in adults and could form a basis to inform health promoters and local policy makers. However, future studies replicating our study method in larger samples and other population subgroups are highly encouraged. Moreover, causal relationships should be explored.     

Using OMP analysis to observe temporal variability in water mass distribution

Previous optimum multiparameter analyses have investigated spatial distribution of water masses and reported successful results. This study tests the method further with application to a time series to examine temporal variability in water mass distribution. Observations collected from the Sargasso Sea are utilised, mainly to detect well-documented property changes that have occurred in Labrador Sea Water, but also possible fluctuations in water mass contributions as a whole.The results show much structure and variability in the contributions of Central Water and upper deep waters in the depth range 900–2000 m. It is proposed that the passage of warm and cold core eddies is indicated by these changes in relative contributions of water masses, although quantitative comparison of satellite altimetry data with the model results is not conclusive.Significant irregularities in the distribution of Labrador Sea Water are also revealed by the model. Through-flow of modified (since the early 1990s) Labrador Sea Water is denoted in the results by an apparent absence from mid-1995 to early 1998. This suggests a transit time of 5–6 years between the Labrador Sea and Bermuda, which is consistent with observational findings described in the literature.     

地质灾害危险性评价指标规范化方法研究

阐述了评价指标规范化处理在地质灾害危险性评价中的重要作用;针对传统线性规范化处理方法在实际应用中存在的不足,对评价指标危险等级的取值论域进行处理;基于模糊数学理论,提出直线型和曲线型2种规范化处理方法,使地质灾害危险性评价指标规范化处理更合理、更符合实际情况。实例应用结果表明,该规范化处理方法能较真实地反映地质灾害危险性等级。     

新型多粒度物理帧时槽交换技术

在分析现有的基于DWDM的多粒度交换技术存在问题的基础,提出了一种基于DWDM的、能够保证服务质量的新型的多粒度交换技术———物理帧时槽交换技术(Physical Frame Time slot Switching, PFTS)。文中给出了PFTS的帧结构,对PFTS的工作过程和特点以及PFTS的服务质量保证机制进行了讨论。最后将PFTS与近年文献中报道较多的多粒度光突发数据块交换———OBS(Optic Burst Switching)进行了比较。仿真结果表明:在保证服务质量的前提下,PFTS的信道利用率明显高于OBS。     

肝功能指标在人工肝支持系统治疗前后的动态变化

目的　通过观察肝功能指标在人工肝支持系统 (ALSS)治疗前后的变化 ,从侧面探讨人工肝支持系统的疗效及治疗的时机。方法　经人工肝支持系统治疗的重型肝炎 38例 ,观察其肝功能指标中的BIL T、BIL D、ALT、AST、ALP、TBA、ALB、GLB、A/G的变化 ;动态观察了中期和晚期重型肝炎各 1例几次人工肝治疗前后BIL T、ALT的变化。结果　人工肝支持系统治疗后肝功能指标中的BIL T、BIL D、ALT、AST、ALP、TBA明显的下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,而血清白蛋白明显上升 ,球蛋白水平有所下降 ,白球比例均有明显上升 (P <0 .0 1) ;中晚期重型肝炎患者经人工肝治疗后肝功能指标的动态变化不同 ,中期重型肝炎患者血清BIL T和ALT水平呈逐渐下降趋势 ,而晚期重型肝炎患者呈胆酶分离现象 ,虽每次治疗后血清BIL T水平明显下降 ,但随后出现反弹 ,呈逐渐上升趋势。结论　ALSS治疗后肝功能有明显改善 ;ALSS治疗早中期重型肝炎效果较好 ,而晚期重型肝炎较差 ,对于重型肝炎应尽早应用ALSS治疗。     

综合交通线网规划方案合理性评价内涵探讨

文章从合理性的一般哲学解释出发,论证出综合交通线网规划方案合理性存在的必然性,然后分别从多方式合理分工、各交通线路分阶段整体推进、交通线网投资实施总体控制、交通网络构建符合OD分布规律、以及线网规划目标考虑资源消耗限制等方面,深入分析合理的综合交通体系应具备的特征,并由此推荐系列评价指标集,从而为综合交通线网规划方案合理性评价提供理论依据。     

干燥细砂破坏形式试验分析

土体破坏不是偶然的现象,受控于多种因素,而这些因素均为变量,不能精确地知道它们的数值。土体的结构是指土颗粒或集合体的大小和形状、表面特征、排列形式及它们之间的连接特征,也是影响土体破坏的多种因素之一。文章通过模型试验发现细砂的破坏是多种形式的综合体,其中土体的密实度、颗粒大小、级配等均是影响土体破坏形式的重要因素。     

铁路智能运输系统结构设计方法

铁路智能运输系统(RITS)结构设计的实质就是确定RITS由逻辑框架到物理框架的映射关系。RITS是由若干要素组成的,选择RITS结构设计的要素,其中具有逻辑属性的要素是功能,具有物理属性的要素是子系统。收集来自体系框架中专家的知识经验,确定子系统和功能的对应关系。建立功能要素集合与子系统要素集合之间的关联矩阵、关联强度矩阵及其可达矩阵,从而确定系统的结构。RITS结构设计实例选取11个子系统和21个功能域作为设计要素,通过RITS结构设计方法以及模糊聚类方法对物理子系统进行重新划分,得到合理的物理子系统划分结果。     

膜离子通道阻断剂对神经兴奋性及兴奋性指标的影响

本研究以蟾蜍坐骨神经-腓神经和螯虾腹大神经为材料,观察了膜离子通道阻断剂对神经兴奋性及兴奋性指标的影响。结果显示:标准电量α与膜钠离子通道的开放数量及通道的激活速率有关,是正确反映兴奋性的指标。b 反映了膜钠、钾离子通道活动的动态平衡过程和应激活动过程.Chr 与膜离子通道的活动无直接联系。     

Manufacturing Technology for the Mould of Plastic Cushion for Motorcycle Pedal

摩托车设计随着社会的发展更加人性化,外塑件的曲面也越来越复杂,在外塑件的曲面制作中越来越多地利用二次曲线、样条曲线等复杂的多阶函数曲线作为轮廓线或控制线来编辑曲面;在模具制作过程中,需要进行展开制作的踏皮等零件,如果设计者不提供展开的数据模型,制造者用手工测量进行展开的误差较大,需要进行修模修整,失去了3D设计的意义。